Braces are a common orthodontic treatment primarily designed to align teeth and correct bite issues. While their main goal is to improve dental health and function, these adjustments can also subtly influence a person’s facial appearance. The changes that occur are a result of how the teeth, jaw, and surrounding soft tissues adapt throughout the treatment process.
The Mechanics of Facial Adaptation
The subtle facial changes experienced with braces stem from a biological process known as bone remodeling. When braces apply consistent, gentle pressure to teeth, it stimulates cells in the surrounding alveolar bone—the bone that supports the teeth. This pressure leads to two key cellular activities: bone resorption and bone deposition. On the side of the tooth where pressure is exerted, specialized cells called osteoclasts break down existing bone tissue, creating space for the tooth to move.
Simultaneously, on the opposite side of the tooth, where tension is created, osteoblasts deposit new bone, filling in the space and stabilizing the tooth in its new position. This continuous cycle of breakdown and rebuilding allows teeth to gradually shift within the jawbone. As teeth move, the soft tissues of the face, such as the lips and cheeks, adapt to the new underlying dental and jaw alignment. The changes are primarily due to the repositioning of the teeth affecting the support structure for these soft tissues, rather than direct alterations to the jawbones themselves in most adult cases.
Common Facial Feature Adjustments
Orthodontic treatment can lead to various subtle adjustments in facial features by improving tooth and jaw alignment. The position of the lips can change as teeth are realigned. Correcting an overbite, where upper teeth protrude, can allow the upper lip to recede slightly. Fixing an underbite, where lower teeth extend forward, might make the upper lip appear fuller. These changes occur as lips adapt to the new tooth position, not from changes in lip size or shape.
The jawline and chin can also see subtle improvements, particularly when bite issues are corrected. Addressing an overbite can make a recessed chin more defined, as the lower jaw moves into a balanced position. Conversely, correcting an underbite can soften a prominent lower jaw and chin, leading to a more harmonious facial profile.
While braces do not directly alter the nose or cheekbones, changes in tooth and jaw alignment can create an illusion of alteration. An improved facial profile from bite correction can make the nose appear more proportionate or change how cheekbones are perceived. Correcting severe crowding or spacing can also provide better support for the cheeks, potentially making them appear fuller or more contoured.
Variables Affecting Outcomes
The extent of facial changes from braces is influenced by several individual factors. Age is a key determinant; younger patients, whose bones are still developing, often experience more noticeable skeletal and facial changes. Adults, with fully developed facial bones, primarily see more subtle changes related to tooth movement and soft tissue adaptation.
The initial severity of the bite problem also influences outcomes. More pronounced issues, like severe overbites or underbites, generally lead to more significant facial improvements once corrected. The orthodontist’s specific treatment plan also impacts results, especially if it involves tooth extractions or jaw surgery for severe skeletal discrepancies.
Individual facial structure and how soft tissues respond to tooth movement contribute to varied outcomes. Treatment duration also plays a role, as longer times allow for more gradual tissue adaptation.
What to Discuss with Your Orthodontist
Before orthodontic treatment, consult an orthodontist to understand potential facial changes. They can provide a personalized assessment of your dental and facial structure, helping set realistic expectations. Discuss any aesthetic concerns or desired facial outcomes, as they can explain what changes are achievable.
Some orthodontists use digital imaging to help patients visualize potential results. Long-term stability of results is also important. After active treatment, retainers are typically prescribed to maintain new tooth alignment and associated facial improvements. Consistent retainer wear prevents teeth from shifting, preserving facial aesthetics.