Mouth ulcers, also known as canker sores, are common, painful lesions that can appear on the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, or lips. They are typically round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border. Iron deficiency occurs when the body lacks sufficient iron for its various functions. Insufficient iron levels are connected to the occurrence of these uncomfortable oral sores.
The Role of Iron in Oral Health
Iron plays a fundamental role in overall health, including oral tissues. It is essential for DNA synthesis and numerous metabolic processes within cells, especially rapidly dividing cells like those in the mouth’s lining. Iron is also a central part of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Adequate oxygen delivery is necessary for the proper function and repair of all cells, including those in the oral cavity.
How Iron Deficiency Harms Mouth Tissues
When iron levels are low, the body’s ability to produce hemoglobin is compromised, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to all tissues, including the delicate oral mucous membranes. This inadequate oxygen supply can contribute to cell breakdown, resulting in an immature or atrophic mucosa. Iron deficiency also impairs the growth and repair of cells in the mouth’s lining, making these tissues more fragile and susceptible to damage.
The thinning and inflammation of the oral mucosa, known as atrophic glossitis, is a common oral manifestation of iron deficiency. This condition involves the loss of papillae on the tongue, making it appear smooth, red, and sore, which increases its vulnerability to ulceration. Angular cheilitis, characterized by painful cracks at the corners of the mouth, is also associated with iron deficiency and can contribute to ulcer development. A weakened immune response in the oral cavity due to iron deficiency further makes tissues prone to minor trauma or infection, which can then develop into ulcers.
Other Signs of Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency often presents with symptoms beyond mouth ulcers. Fatigue and weakness are common due to reduced oxygen transport to muscles and tissues. Pale skin, known as pallor, can be observed.
Individuals may also experience shortness of breath, a fast heartbeat, or chest pain as the heart works harder to circulate oxygen-poor blood. Other indications include brittle nails, headaches, dizziness, cold hands and feet, restless legs syndrome, or unusual cravings for non-food items like ice, a condition called pica.
What to Do About Iron Deficiency and Ulcers
Addressing mouth ulcers potentially linked to iron deficiency begins with consulting a healthcare professional. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and ferritin levels, to assess iron stores. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron, and low levels indicate insufficient iron.
Treatment usually involves dietary changes to include more iron-rich foods, and often, iron supplements are prescribed. Oral iron supplements, such as ferrous sulfate, are a common first-line therapy to replenish iron reserves. While patients often feel better within a week or so of starting treatment, it may take several months for iron levels to normalize and symptoms to fully improve. It is important to follow medical advice regarding dosage and duration, as self-diagnosis and self-treatment are not recommended.