The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the two joints connecting your lower jaw to your skull, located in front of each ear. These joints work with the chewing muscles to facilitate essential functions like speaking and eating. Issues affecting these joints and surrounding muscles are collectively known as Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD).
TMD can manifest through various symptoms, including pain around the jaw, ear, or temple, along with clicking, popping, or grinding sounds when moving the jaw. Individuals may also experience headaches, difficulty opening their mouth completely, or a sensation of the jaw locking. TMJ splints are a common approach to address these concerns and manage TMD symptoms.
Understanding TMJ Splints
A TMJ splint, often referred to as an occlusal splint or bite guard, is a removable dental appliance designed to fit over the upper or lower teeth. These devices are custom-made from hard acrylic resin, molded precisely from an impression of a patient’s teeth. Its purpose is to provide a stable biting surface, protecting teeth and the temporomandibular joint from excessive forces.
Unlike generic over-the-counter nightguards that offer general protection against grinding, a TMJ splint is a therapeutically designed device. It aims to improve jaw-muscle function and relieve associated pain by creating a balanced bite. Its custom fit allows for targeted intervention in managing TMD symptoms.
Mechanisms of Action
TMJ splints alleviate pain and dysfunction through several mechanisms. One way is by redistributing occlusal forces, creating an even and stable biting surface. This uniform contact reduces stress on teeth or jaw joints, preventing concentrated pressure points that contribute to pain and wear.
The splint promotes muscle relaxation by disengaging the teeth, preventing involuntary clenching and grinding (bruxism). By separating the teeth, the splint allows jaw muscles to rest and release tension, reducing muscle soreness and fatigue. This relaxation alleviates discomfort associated with TMD.
A TMJ splint contributes to joint stabilization by guiding the jaw into a more comfortable position. This is helpful if the joint’s disc is displaced or the jaw is not moving smoothly. The splint acts as a barrier, protecting teeth from grinding and clenching by absorbing forces that would otherwise wear down enamel.
TMJ splints influence proprioceptive feedback, the body’s sense of its position and movement. By altering sensory input from the teeth and jaw, the splint reduces muscle activity and promotes a more balanced jaw posture.
Common Splint Designs
Various TMJ splint designs address specific aspects of TMD. Stabilization splints, also known as flat plane splints, are common. These splints cover all upper or lower teeth and feature a flat biting surface. Their function is to achieve muscle relaxation and create an even bite, reducing tooth grinding and relieving jaw muscle soreness.
Repositioning splints, sometimes called anterior repositioning splints, are another category. These splints guide the lower jaw into a specific forward position using ramps or inclines. They are often used to “recapture” a displaced joint disc or establish a more favorable jaw posture, alleviating pain associated with disc issues.
The choice between soft or hard splints depends on the patient’s condition. Hard acrylic splints are preferred for their durability and precise occlusal control. Soft splints, while more comfortable initially, may not offer the same stability or muscle relaxation and are often considered for temporary use or specific symptoms. The type of splint prescribed is determined by a dental professional based on diagnosis and treatment goals.
When a TMJ Splint is Used
TMJ splints are prescribed for conditions and symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorders. They are recommended for individuals experiencing chronic jaw pain or tenderness in chewing muscles. Pain can radiate to the face, ear, or temple, making daily activities uncomfortable.
Splints are used when patients report clicking, popping, or grinding noises in their jaw joints, especially if accompanied by pain or limited jaw movement. Bruxism (involuntary teeth grinding or clenching) is another indication for splint therapy, as the device protects teeth from wear and reduces muscle strain. Headaches or earaches linked to jaw dysfunction can also be managed with a TMJ splint.
In some instances, splints may be part of a treatment plan following jaw trauma or with orthodontic procedures. A dentist or specialist conducts an evaluation to determine if a TMJ splint is appropriate.
Using and Maintaining Your Splint
Proper use and maintenance are important for a TMJ splint’s effectiveness and longevity. The wearing schedule, whether nightly or for specific periods, is determined by your dental professional and should be followed consistently. Adherence to these instructions is important for achieving desired therapeutic outcomes.
An initial adjustment period is common when first wearing the splint. It may feel awkward at first, but with consistent use, most individuals adapt. Regular cleaning is important for hygiene and to prevent bacterial buildup. This involves brushing it with a toothbrush and cool water, sometimes with mild soap or denture cleaner, and storing it in a clean, dry case when not in use.
Follow-up appointments with your dentist are a necessary part of splint therapy. These visits allow the dentist to assess progress, make necessary adjustments for optimal fit and function, and monitor symptom changes. Ongoing assessment ensures the splint continues to provide intended relief and support for your jaw.