A mouthguard is a protective appliance worn over the teeth, typically during sports or other activities where facial impact is possible. Its main purpose is shielding the teeth, gums, and surrounding oral structures from potential injury. These devices act as a barrier, helping to prevent damage from sudden blows or impacts to the face and jaw.
The Science of Protection
A mouthguard works by absorbing and distributing impact energy across a larger surface area of the teeth and jaw. When a force hits, the mouthguard’s material deforms, spreading the localized stress over all covered teeth. This reduces the force intensity on any single tooth or jaw section, minimizing the risk of fractures or dislocations.
The mouthguard also provides a cushioning layer between the upper and lower teeth, preventing them from forcefully clashing during an impact. This cushioning effect helps protect against chipped or broken teeth, as well as injuries to the jaw joints.
Beyond protecting hard tissues, mouthguards create a physical barrier between the teeth and the soft tissues of the mouth. This barrier helps prevent lacerations to the lips, cheeks, and tongue that can occur when these tissues are forcefully pressed against sharp tooth edges, reducing the severity of inner mouth injuries.
Some mouthguard designs also contribute to jaw stabilization by holding the jaw in a slightly open or forward position. This can help align jaw joints, potentially reducing the risk of jaw fractures or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocations during impact.
Different Types and Their Design
Stock mouthguards are pre-formed and ready to wear immediately upon purchase. While generally the most affordable, their “one-size-fits-all” design often results in a loose or uncomfortable fit. This can compromise their protective capabilities and make breathing or speaking difficult for the wearer.
Boil-and-bite mouthguards offer a slightly improved fit compared to stock options. Made from a thermoplastic material, typically ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), they soften when placed in hot water. Once pliable, the wearer bites into the softened material to mold it to the shape of their teeth, creating a more customized impression.
Custom-made mouthguards are fabricated by a dentist from an impression of the individual’s teeth. They provide the most precise fit, superior comfort, and highest level of protection due to their exact replication of the wearer’s dental anatomy. The material, often a layered laminate of EVA, can be varied in thickness and density based on specific needs and sport, allowing for targeted protection.
Mouthguard materials, such as EVA, are chosen for their shock-absorbing properties. EVA, a thermoplastic polymer, is known for its flexibility, resilience, and ability to absorb significant impact energy. These properties allow the mouthguard to deform under stress, distribute forces, and return to its original shape, providing consistent protection.
Ensuring Proper Fit and Care
A well-fitting mouthguard is essential for effective protection. A loose or ill-fitting device can shift during impact, potentially causing injury or inadequate defense. A proper fit ensures the mouthguard stays securely in place, allowing comfortable breathing and speaking. An ideal fit enhances both protective capabilities and wearer compliance.
Achieving a proper fit often involves a visit to a dental professional for custom impressions. For boil-and-bite types, careful adherence to manufacturer’s instructions during molding is important for best adaptation. A snug fit, without being overly tight, is the goal for optimal performance.
Maintaining mouthguard hygiene is important for its longevity and preventing bacterial growth. After each use, rinse thoroughly with cold water and gently brush with a toothbrush and mild soap to remove debris and saliva. Avoiding harsh abrasive cleaners or very hot water helps preserve the material’s integrity and shape.
Storing a mouthguard in a ventilated, sturdy case protects it from damage and allows it to air dry, preventing moisture buildup and bacterial growth. Regular inspection for tears, cracks, or signs of wear is advisable. Mouthguards typically need replacement every season or two, or sooner if significant wear or changes in dental structure occur.