A menstrual cup is a flexible, reusable, bell-shaped device designed to be inserted into the vaginal canal to manage menstrual flow. Unlike tampons or pads, which absorb fluid, the cup is made of a body-safe material, typically medical-grade silicone, that functions as a receptacle to collect the fluid internally. Modern cups gained widespread popularity as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to disposable products.
The Mechanism of Menstrual Fluid Collection
The cup is positioned lower in the vaginal canal than a typical tampon, sitting below the cervix to catch menstrual fluid. Once inserted, the rim springs open and presses gently against the vaginal walls, creating a seal that holds the cup in place and prevents leakage. This seal functions on the principle of a mild vacuum, which is the primary mechanism for leak-free wear for up to 12 hours.
Most cups feature small air holes located just beneath the rim to manage air pressure. These perforations allow air to enter the cup during insertion to help it fully open, and they facilitate the breaking of the seal during removal.
Step-by-Step Guide to Insertion and Removal
To insert the cup comfortably, it must first be folded tightly using a technique like the “C-fold” or the “punch-down fold.” The folded cup is then guided into the vagina at a slight angle, aiming horizontally toward the tailbone rather than straight upward.
Once the cup is inside, the user must ensure it has fully unfolded; running a finger around the base to check for roundness can confirm this. The cup will naturally settle into a comfortable position where the seal is formed.
For removal, the seal must be broken before any pulling action to avoid discomfort or vacuum lock. To break the seal, gently insert a finger and thumb to find the base of the cup and pinch it or press against the vaginal wall to let air in. This action releases the vacuum, allowing the cup to be slowly pulled out while keeping it upright to minimize spillage. The collected fluid is then emptied, and the cup is rinsed before reinsertion.
Cleaning and Proper Maintenance
Proper care involves two distinct cleaning routines to ensure hygiene and product longevity. During the menstrual cycle, the cup must be emptied and rinsed with water, and optionally a mild, unscented, oil-free soap, every 12 hours or less. This rinse removes the collected fluid and prepares the cup for immediate reinsertion.
At the beginning and end of each cycle, the cup requires sterilization to kill residual microorganisms. This is commonly achieved by fully submerging the cup in boiling water for three to five minutes. After sterilization, the cup must be allowed to air-dry completely before storage. Between cycles, the cup should be kept in a breathable cotton bag or pouch, never in an airtight container, to prevent the growth of mold or bacteria.
Selecting the Appropriate Size and Material
Selecting the correct cup is primarily determined by internal anatomy and flow volume. Manufacturers typically offer a smaller size for those under 30 who have not given birth vaginally, and a larger size for individuals over 30 or those who have had a vaginal delivery. Vaginal childbirth can alter the pelvic floor muscles, often necessitating a wider cup diameter for a secure seal.
Cervix height also dictates the necessary cup length for comfortable fit. Most cups are made from soft, medical-grade silicone, which is durable, hypoallergenic, and non-porous. This inert material does not react with the body or menstrual fluid. Some companies also offer cups made from Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) or natural rubber.