Viral bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection primarily affecting the small airways in the lungs of young children. This condition causes inflammation and mucus buildup in these passages, known as bronchioles, making breathing difficult. It is most frequently observed in infants and children under two years old, particularly during colder months. Viral bronchiolitis is highly contagious and spreads readily.
How Viral Bronchiolitis Transmits
The viruses that cause bronchiolitis, most commonly Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), spread easily. Transmission primarily occurs through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can become airborne and be inhaled by others, leading to infection. The virus can also spread indirectly through contact with contaminated surfaces, such as toys or doorknobs. If someone touches a contaminated surface and then touches their eyes, nose, or mouth, the virus can enter their body.
When Someone is Contagious
Infected individuals can spread the virus for a significant period. Contagiousness often begins even before symptoms appear. Most people remain contagious for about three to eight days. However, young infants and individuals with weakened immune systems can shed the virus for a longer duration, sometimes for several weeks, even without symptoms. Symptoms typically develop two to eight days after exposure.
Steps to Limit Spread
Several measures can help reduce its transmission. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of these viruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are also beneficial when soap and water are not available. Avoid close contact with sick individuals, especially during peak bronchiolitis season.
Regular cleaning and disinfecting of frequently touched surfaces, like toys, countertops, and doorknobs, can eliminate virus particles. Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the inside of your elbow to contain respiratory droplets. Avoid sharing eating utensils and cups. Keep sick children home from daycare or school to prevent further spread within group settings.
Vulnerable Individuals
Certain groups are more susceptible to developing severe cases of viral bronchiolitis and related complications. Infants, particularly those under six months, face a higher risk due to their smaller airways and less developed immune systems. Premature babies are also at increased risk for more severe illness. Children with pre-existing heart or lung conditions, such as congenital heart disease or chronic lung disease, are especially vulnerable. Children with weakened immune systems are more prone to severe bronchiolitis, as their bodies may struggle to fight off the infection.