Nasal cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is the space directly behind the nose, and paranasal sinuses are small, air-filled cavities within the facial bones surrounding it. These areas are part of the respiratory system, responsible for warming, moistening, and filtering the air we breathe. When these cells become cancerous, they can form tumors in these regions of the head and neck.
Understanding Its Rarity
Nasal and sinus cancer is a rare malignancy. It accounts for a small percentage of all head and neck cancers, typically 3% to 5% of cases in the United States. Approximately 1,500 new diagnoses occur annually in the U.S. The global incidence rate is low, recorded at less than 1 case per 100,000 people per year.
This cancer is observed more frequently in men, who are about twice as likely to develop it than women. It is also more commonly diagnosed in older adults, with roughly 80% of cases occurring in individuals aged 55 or older. While these cancers can arise in various sinus locations, they are most often found in the maxillary sinuses or the nasal cavity. Occurrences in the ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses are less common.
Factors Increasing Risk
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing nasal cancer. Occupational exposures are a notable consideration, particularly for individuals working with certain inhaled substances. Significant exposure to wood dust, common in industries like furniture making, sawmills, and carpentry, is a prominent risk factor. Other occupational hazards include exposure to leather dust from shoemaking, nickel and chromium dust or compounds, and textile dusts. Formaldehyde, radium, isopropyl alcohol, welding fumes, and arsenic have also been identified as potential contributors.
Lifestyle choices also play a role in risk. Smoking tobacco significantly elevates the risk of nasal cavity cancer. Heavy alcohol consumption has also been associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancers, including those in the nasal and paranasal sinus areas. Certain viral infections, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV), have been linked to some cases of nasal and sinus cancer. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), though more commonly associated with nasopharyngeal cancer, has also been implicated in some instances of nasal cavity cancer.
Recognizing Potential Symptoms
Recognizing potential symptoms of nasal cancer can be challenging, as early signs often resemble those of more common and less serious conditions like colds or sinusitis. Symptoms frequently appear as the tumor grows and begins to affect surrounding tissues.
Common indicators often affect only one side of the nose and can include persistent nasal obstruction or stuffiness that does not clear. Nosebleeds, especially if they occur frequently or from only one nostril, are another potential symptom. A decreased sense of smell, along with chronic mucus discharge from the nose or post-nasal drip, may also be present. Headaches or facial pain and pressure, particularly behind the eyes or in the upper cheek, can also be a concern.
As the cancer progresses, more distinct symptoms can emerge. These may include numbness or pain in parts of the face, such as the upper cheek, top lip, or upper teeth. Swollen glands in the neck might also be noticeable. Vision changes, such as partial vision loss, double vision, or a bulging or persistently watering eye, can occur if the tumor affects structures near the eyes.
The appearance of a lump or growth on the face, inside the nose, or on the roof of the mouth also requires medical evaluation. Loose or numb upper teeth or changes in how dentures fit, along with pain or pressure in one ear and hearing loss, are other possible signs. If any of these persistent or worsening symptoms are experienced, consulting a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis is advisable.