Hypermobility describes a condition where joints move beyond their typical range of motion, leading to individuals being described as “double-jointed” or unusually flexible. Its presence varies widely among different populations and individuals. This article explores the commonness of hypermobility across various groups and what its prevalence signifies.
Global and Demographic Prevalence
Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a common trait, with its prevalence varying significantly across populations and studies, ranging from 2% to nearly 65% depending on the assessment criteria used. This wide range is influenced by several factors, including age, sex, and ethnic background.
Age plays a role, with hypermobility more prevalent in younger individuals. It is particularly common in childhood. As individuals age, joint flexibility naturally tends to decrease, leading to a decline in the prevalence of hypermobility into adulthood.
Sex is another influential factor, with GJH more frequently reported in females than in males. Ethnic and geographic variations also exist, with some studies indicating a higher prevalence in certain populations, such as those of Asian and African descent, compared to Caucasian populations. This global variability underscores the complex nature of hypermobility’s distribution.
Distinguishing Benign Hypermobility from Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD)
While generalized joint hypermobility is common, it is important to distinguish between benign hypermobility, which is asymptomatic flexibility, and conditions where hypermobility is associated with symptoms. Benign hypermobility typically does not cause pain or other issues and generally does not require medical intervention.
In contrast, Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD) represent a group of conditions where joint hypermobility is accompanied by various symptoms. These can include chronic pain, fatigue, frequent joint dislocations or subluxations, and other systemic concerns. HSD is considered a spectrum disorder because the type and severity of symptoms can vary widely among individuals.
The term “joint hypermobility syndrome” is an outdated diagnosis, with most individuals previously diagnosed with it now classified as having either HSD or hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS). Differentiating HSD from hEDS and other related conditions requires specific diagnostic criteria that go beyond just joint flexibility. HSD is diagnosed when an individual experiences symptomatic hypermobility but does not fully meet the stricter diagnostic criteria for hEDS or other specific connective tissue disorders.
Clinical Significance and Management
For many individuals, hypermobility is simply a physical characteristic that causes no problems and requires no special treatment or intervention. However, when hypermobility leads to persistent symptoms, medical advice becomes important. Individuals should seek medical guidance if they experience ongoing joint pain, frequent joint dislocations or partial dislocations, chronic fatigue, or other systemic issues that disrupt their daily activities.
Managing symptomatic hypermobility often involves a multi-faceted approach focused on alleviating discomfort and improving function. Physical therapy is a common recommendation, aiming to strengthen the muscles surrounding the hypermobile joints and improve body awareness or proprioception. Pain management strategies may include over-the-counter or prescribed medications, as well as the application of heat or cold to affected areas.
Lifestyle adjustments are also beneficial, such as maintaining good posture, wearing supportive footwear, and learning to pace activities to avoid overexertion. Since each person’s experience with symptomatic hypermobility is unique, treatment plans are typically individualized to address specific needs and challenges.