Bunions are a common foot condition that affects millions of people globally, representing a frequent reason for seeking medical attention for foot pain. This foot deformity develops near the base of the big toe, causing a visible change in the foot’s shape and often significant discomfort. To understand the impact of this condition, it is helpful to examine how the misalignment occurs, how frequently it affects the population, and the underlying factors that increase an individual’s likelihood of developing it.
Defining the Condition
A bunion is a bony enlargement that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. This joint is formally known as the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The medical term for this condition is hallux valgus, which describes the specific misalignment that occurs. This deformity develops when the big toe pushes toward the smaller toes, causing the head of the metatarsal bone to jut out toward the inside of the foot. The resulting bony prominence is the bunion bump, which often becomes inflamed and painful from rubbing against footwear. Over time, the displaced alignment can worsen and may cause the big toe to overlap or underlap the second toe.
Prevalence Statistics
Bunions are extremely common, affecting a significant portion of the adult population worldwide. Estimates suggest that approximately 23% of adults aged 18 to 65 have bunions to some degree. The prevalence of bunions increases noticeably with age, suggesting a cumulative effect of factors over a lifetime. For individuals over the age of 65, the rate increases substantially, with nearly 35% to 36% of this older population affected by the deformity. The condition is also disproportionately observed in specific demographic groups, as women are at least twice as likely to be affected as men. One systematic review indicated that the prevalence rate for bunions across the total adult population is approximately 28.4%. The severity of the deformity also varies widely, as many people have a mild misalignment that never causes pain or functional issues. The prevalence of bunions can be as low as 2% in populations that do not wear shoes, which strongly suggests a link between footwear and the condition.
Key Risk Factors
A combination of factors, both inherited and external, contributes to an individual’s susceptibility to developing bunions. Genetics plays a substantial role, as the inherited shape and structure of the foot can predispose someone to the condition. Specific foot types, such as having flat feet, low arches, or hypermobility in the joints, can lead to the biomechanical instability that encourages the deformity. Studies have shown that a family history of bunions is present in a high percentage of cases, sometimes ranging from 63% to 90%. This suggests that the underlying tendency is often passed down through generations. Footwear is another significant factor. Tight, narrow shoes, and particularly high heels, force the forefoot into an unnatural position, which exacerbates any existing predisposition. High heels shift the body’s weight onto the front of the foot, applying excessive pressure that pushes the big toe toward the others. The fact that women are statistically much more likely to develop bunions is often linked to the common use of these types of restrictive shoes.