Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a prevalent vision condition where distant objects appear blurry while close objects remain clear. This occurs because the eye’s shape prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, instead causing it to focus in front of it. This typically happens when the eyeball grows too long or the cornea has too much curvature. Correcting this refractive error can improve daily life.
Laser Vision Correction Methods
Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis, or LASIK, is a widely recognized method for correcting myopia. During LASIK, a surgeon creates a thin, hinged flap on the cornea’s surface. This flap is lifted to expose the underlying corneal tissue. An excimer laser then precisely reshapes this tissue, correcting the refractive error. After reshaping, the flap is carefully repositioned, where it naturally adheres without stitches.
Photorefractive Keratectomy, or PRK, is another laser-based option that differs from LASIK by not creating a corneal flap. Instead, the outermost layer of the cornea, the epithelium, is removed. An excimer laser then reshapes the underlying corneal tissue. Because no flap is created, PRK can be suitable for individuals with thinner or irregularly shaped corneas.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction, or SMILE, represents a newer advancement in laser vision correction. This technique uses a femtosecond laser to create a small, lens-shaped piece of tissue, called a lenticule, within the intact cornea. A tiny incision is then made, through which the surgeon removes the lenticule. This removal reshapes the cornea, correcting vision without creating a large flap.
Implantable Lens Solutions
Implantable Collamer Lenses, known as ICLs, offer an alternative to laser vision correction, particularly for individuals not candidates for corneal reshaping procedures. An ICL is an artificial lens made from a biocompatible material. This lens is surgically placed inside the eye.
The ICL is positioned behind the iris and in front of the eye’s natural lens. Once implanted, the ICL works with the natural lens to properly refract light onto the retina. This procedure does not involve removing corneal tissue and is often considered for those with severe myopia, thin corneas, or chronic dry eyes. A key advantage of ICLs is their reversibility, as the lens can be removed if necessary.
Key Considerations for Permanent Correction
Permanent myopia correction requires careful evaluation to ensure suitability. Candidates need a stable vision prescription for at least one year, and are 18 years or older for laser procedures and under 50 for ICLs. Comprehensive eye health is also assessed, as certain conditions can preclude an individual from these procedures.
While these procedures are generally safe, potential risks exist. Common temporary side effects include dry eyes, along with visual disturbances such as glare, halos, or increased light sensitivity. These symptoms diminish within a few weeks or months as the eyes heal. Less common occurrences include undercorrection or overcorrection, which may necessitate an enhancement, or the development of astigmatism.
In rare instances, more serious complications can arise, such as corneal ectasia following laser surgery, or an increased risk of cataracts or glaucoma with ICL implantation. While many achieve 20/20 vision or better, some individuals may still require corrective lenses for specific tasks like night driving or reading fine print.
Post-Procedure and Future Vision
Following a permanent vision correction procedure, patients receive specific instructions for post-operative care to facilitate healing. This includes diligent use of prescribed eye drops, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and lubricating drops, to prevent infection and manage discomfort. Patients are advised to avoid rubbing their eyes and to wear protective shields or sunglasses, especially outdoors, to shield their eyes from light and irritation.
During initial recovery, patients should refrain from activities that could introduce water into the eyes, such as showering or swimming, and avoid using eye makeup for a specified time. Limiting screen time and reading can also help reduce eye strain. While discomfort like mild irritation, dryness, or temporary blurry vision is common, it resolves as the eyes heal.
Vision stabilization varies by procedure. LASIK and SMILE often provide rapid improvement within days, while PRK may involve a longer period of visual fluctuation. Regular follow-up appointments monitor the healing process and assess visual outcomes. The changes made to the cornea or the placement of an ICL are permanent. However, these procedures do not prevent age-related vision changes such as presbyopia or the development of cataracts.