The Bornean Pygmy Elephant, scientifically classified as Elephas maximus borneensis, is the world’s smallest subspecies of Asian elephant. This unique mammal evolved in isolation, resulting in distinct physical traits and a notably smaller stature than its mainland relatives. The moniker “pygmy” refers directly to its size.
Defining the Pygmy Elephant’s Core Measurements
Adult Bornean Pygmy Elephants are measured by shoulder height. A mature male typically stands between 2.5 and 3 meters (8.2 to 9.8 feet) tall at the shoulder. Females are noticeably smaller than males, generally reaching a height between 2.0 and 2.4 meters (6.6 to 7.9 feet). Adult males can weigh between 2,720 and 5,000 kilograms (6,000 to 11,000 pounds). These measurements establish the Bornean Pygmy Elephant as a physically diminutive subspecies, even though it remains the largest land mammal within its restricted range.
Physical Characteristics Beyond Height
Beyond their overall size, the Bornean Pygmy Elephant possesses several unique features that distinguish it. They have a proportionally larger ear size compared to the rest of their body, which contributes to their distinct appearance. Their head shape is often described as having a rounded, “baby-faced” forehead, giving them a softer, more juvenile look. Their tail is notably long, often reaching a length that causes the tufted tip to drag along the ground as they walk. Furthermore, females of the species either lack tusks entirely or possess greatly reduced, shortened tusks.
Size Comparison to Other Asian Elephants
The term “pygmy” highlights the marked size difference when compared to the mainland Asian elephant, Elephas maximus indicus. Mainland males can reach shoulder heights of up to 3.5 meters (11.5 feet). This means the Bornean Pygmy Elephant is, on average, at least half a meter shorter than its closest relatives. It is estimated to be approximately 30% smaller than the average mainland Asian elephant. The difference in bulk is substantial, considering that the largest mainland elephants can weigh over 5,500 kilograms, exceeding the pygmy elephant’s maximum weight range.
Restricted Habitat and Range
The Bornean Pygmy Elephant is endemic to a highly restricted geographical area. They are found exclusively on the island of Borneo, which is divided between three nations. The majority of the population inhabits the northeastern region of the island, primarily within the Malaysian state of Sabah. A smaller, separate population also exists in the Indonesian part of Borneo, specifically in North Kalimantan. These animals prefer the lowland tropical moist forest and river valleys, which provide the dense vegetation they need for sustenance. Their dependence on these specific forest types makes them vulnerable, contributing to their current classification as an endangered subspecies.