Javelinas, also known as collared peccaries, are hoofed mammals native to the Americas. They are often mistaken for wild pigs due to their similar appearance and foraging behaviors. However, javelinas are a distinct species with unique biological characteristics.
Key Physical Dimensions
Adult javelinas are compact and robust. Their body length, measured from head to rump, generally ranges from 30 to 50 inches (75 to 125 cm). At the shoulder, they usually stand between 18 to 24 inches (45 to 60 cm) tall.
The average weight of an adult javelina falls within a range of 30 to 60 pounds (14 to 27 kg). Some individuals, particularly those living near agricultural areas, can occasionally reach up to 80 pounds. In rare instances, individuals weighing as much as 93 pounds have been documented.
Factors Influencing Javelina Size
Several biological and environmental elements contribute to variations in javelina size. Age is a primary factor; young javelinas, often called “reds” due to their reddish-brown fur, grow from about one pound at birth until they reach adult dimensions around 10 months of age. While males can be slightly heavier than females, there is often little noticeable size difference between the sexes.
Diet and nutrition play a significant role in growth and overall size. Javelinas are omnivores, but their diet primarily consists of plant matter such as prickly pear cactus, mesquite beans, and various roots and tubers. The availability and quality of these food resources directly influence their health and potential to reach larger sizes. Additionally, habitat quality, including access to water and favorable climatic conditions, supports robust growth and development.
Distinguishing Javelinas from Wild Pigs
Despite their pig-like appearance, javelinas are not true pigs; they belong to the peccary family (Tayassuidae), distinct from the swine family (Suidae) that includes wild boars and feral hogs. Javelinas are significantly smaller than most wild pigs, which can weigh well over 100 pounds, sometimes reaching 400 pounds or more.
Beyond size, several physical characteristics differentiate javelinas. They possess short, often unnoticeable tails, unlike the longer tails of wild pigs. Their canine teeth, or tusks, grow straight downwards rather than curving outwards like those of wild boars. Javelinas also have only three functional toes on their hind feet, missing the outer dewclaw found on pigs. A grizzled, salt-and-pepper coat with a distinctive white band around the neck gives them their “collared” name.