The timber wolf, also known as the gray wolf or Canis lupus, stands as the largest wild canid in the world. These adaptable predators inhabit diverse environments across the Northern Hemisphere. While their powerful build is a consistent trait, the actual size of individual timber wolves can show considerable variation.
Typical Size and Weight
Adult timber wolves exhibit a range of measurements, with males generally being larger than females. The average body mass for a wolf is approximately 88 pounds (40 kg). Females typically weigh between 50 and 85 pounds (22.7 and 38.5 kg), while males are heavier, usually ranging from 70 to 110 pounds (31.8 and 50 kg).
From nose to the tip of their tail, adult timber wolves typically measure between 4.5 to 6.5 feet (1.4 to 2 meters) in length. Their shoulder height generally falls between 26 to 32 inches (66 to 81 cm). While these are general ranges, some exceptionally large individuals have been recorded, particularly in colder regions. The largest documented wolf weighed 175 pounds (79.4 kg), recorded in Alaska.
Factors Affecting Timber Wolf Size
Several variables contribute to the observed differences in timber wolf size across their expansive range. Geographic location plays a significant role, with wolves inhabiting colder, northern regions tending to be larger than their counterparts in more temperate or southern areas. This pattern aligns with Bergmann’s Rule, an ecological principle suggesting larger body sizes are advantageous in colder climates for retaining heat. For example, North American wolves average around 79 pounds (36 kg), while Indian and Arabian wolves typically weigh less at about 55 pounds (25 kg).
Subspecies also demonstrate size variations. The Mackenzie Valley wolf, also known as the Northwestern wolf, found in Alaska and western Canada, is often considered among the largest subspecies, with males sometimes exceeding 170 pounds (77 kg). In contrast, the Eastern timber wolf, found in the Great Lakes region, is generally smaller than the average gray wolf.
Wolves reach their full adult size relatively quickly, typically achieving their mature height and length by about one year of age. They may continue to gain some additional weight and fill out slightly until they are around 18 months to two years old. An individual wolf’s diet and overall health also affect its growth and final size; consistent access to abundant prey supports robust development.
Comparing Timber Wolves to Other Canids
The timber wolf’s size distinguishes it among its canid relatives. Smaller wolf species, such as the Arabian wolf or the Mexican gray wolf, are considerably smaller, with Arabian wolves being comparable in size to a Labrador retriever. The red wolf is also smaller than the timber wolf, typically weighing between 50 to 80 pounds (22.7 to 36.3 kg).
Compared to domestic dogs, timber wolves are generally larger and possess a more robust build, though some large domestic dog breeds like the Alaskan Malamute or German Shepherd can approach similar sizes. The timber wolf is significantly larger than coyotes, which typically weigh 20 to 50 pounds (9 to 22.7 kg) and stand shorter at the shoulder.