The Gopher Snake, Pituophis catenifer, is a widely distributed, non-venomous constrictor found across North America, ranging from southwestern Canada down into northern Mexico. These snakes are frequently mistaken for rattlesnakes because of their blotched coloration and dramatic defensive displays. Understanding the size and distinguishing characteristics of the Gopher Snake is helpful for proper identification. This article details the typical size metrics of the species and explores how subspecies and environmental factors influence their dimensions.
Understanding the Standard Size Range
The Gopher Snake is considered a large species, with typical adult lengths falling between three and six feet (91–183 cm). This length range represents the size of a fully mature specimen, which can take several years to reach. Males often mature faster than females. Their body composition is characteristically heavy and muscular, giving them a thicker girth compared to many other snakes of similar length.
While most adults remain within the six-foot threshold, exceptional individuals are occasionally recorded approaching nine feet (275 cm), though this is rare. Their substantial weight and girth enable them to subdue a wide variety of prey, primarily rodents and other small mammals.
How Subspecies Affect Overall Length
Gopher Snake size is not uniform across its extensive range, as the species is categorized into numerous subspecies adapted to local environments. Size variation depends on factors like geographic location, climate, and food availability. For example, the Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi) of the Great Plains is one of the largest subspecies, frequently attaining the upper limits of the species’ size range.
Conversely, smaller subspecies exist, such as the Santa Cruz Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer pumilio), a dwarf form that rarely exceeds three feet in length. Regional differences in the length of the active season also play a role; snakes in climates with longer hibernation periods may have less time to feed and grow each year. An abundant food supply directly supports the growth of the largest individuals.
Identifying Features and Temperament
Gopher Snakes have physical traits that distinguish them from other species, particularly the venomous rattlesnakes they are often confused with. They have a narrow head that is only slightly distinct from the neck, unlike the broad, triangular head characteristic of pit vipers. The scales along their body are keeled, meaning they have a ridge down the center.
The snake’s temperament is defensive rather than aggressive, involving a dramatic display when threatened. It will hiss loudly, made possible by a modified epiglottis that vibrates as air is forced out. The snake will also inflate its body, flatten its head to mimic a viper’s shape, and vigorously shake its tail, which can create a rattling sound if it hits dry vegetation. Despite this convincing imitation, Gopher Snakes pose no threat to humans beyond a non-toxic bite in self-defense.