Flying termites, often called swarmers or alates, are the reproductive members of a mature termite colony. Their sudden appearance signals that an established population is nearby and is large enough to expand its territory. These winged insects emerge with the sole purpose of reproduction. Encountering a swarm is often the first and only visible evidence of an otherwise hidden infestation.
Physical Dimensions and Appearance
The body size of a flying termite is relatively small, generally ranging from one-quarter to one-half of an inch long, depending on the species. These insects typically have soft bodies that vary in color from a pale cream to a dark brown or black, often depending on whether they are drywood or subterranean species. One of the most defining physical characteristics is the structure of the antennae, which are straight and appear like a string of tiny beads. The body itself is characterized by a broad, straight waist, which connects the thorax and abdomen without any noticeable constriction. The wings of the alates are translucent and are notably longer than the termite’s body, often extending well past the abdomen. All four wings are equal in size and length.
The Purpose of the Termite Swarm
The winged termites are produced by the colony when it reaches a certain threshold of maturity and size, which can take several years. These alates are the only members of the colony that leave the nest, undertaking a brief flight that serves as a dispersal and mating event. Swarming is triggered by specific environmental conditions, typically occurring after a warm rain when the air is humid and calm. Subterranean termites often swarm during the spring and daylight hours, while drywood termites may prefer late summer or fall. The flight itself is short-lived, sometimes lasting only an hour, as the alates are poor fliers and quickly fall to the ground. Once they land, the male and female pair off, shed their wings at a pre-formed suture line, and search for a suitable nesting site. The presence of discarded wings, often found near windowsills or light sources, is a strong indicator that a swarm has recently occurred.
Key Differences from Flying Ants
Flying termites are frequently mistaken for flying ants, but three distinct physical differences allow for accurate identification:
- Antennae: Termites possess straight, bead-like antennae, while flying ants have distinctly bent or “elbowed” antennae.
- Waist Profile: Termites have a broad, uniform waist where body segments join smoothly. Flying ants have a narrow, “pinched” waist, creating an hourglass shape.
- Wings: Flying termites have two pairs of wings that are equal in size and length, which they shed after mating.
- Wing Length: Flying ants have two pairs of wings where the front pair is noticeably longer than the back pair, and they tend to keep their wings longer.