Allergies represent an overreaction by the immune system to substances that are typically harmless, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. These reactions can manifest in various ways, from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening responses. Allergies are common, affecting many individuals across different age groups, and they can and often do evolve throughout a person’s life.
Developing New Allergies as an Adult
Individuals can develop new allergies during adulthood, even if they never experienced them in childhood. This phenomenon, known as adult-onset allergy, can occur at any age and sometimes appears suddenly. For instance, a 2019 study showed that nearly half of adults with a food allergy developed at least one of these allergies later in life.
Common examples include seasonal allergies to pollen, reactions to pet dander, or sensitivities to certain foods. Specific foods like shellfish, peanuts, and tree nuts are frequently reported as new adult-onset food allergies. Individuals might also develop sensitivities to medications they previously tolerated without issue.
When Allergies Seem to Disappear
While new allergies can emerge, some existing allergies may also lessen in severity or seemingly disappear over time, a process often referred to as “outgrowing” an allergy. This is particularly common among children with certain food allergies. For example, 60 to 80 percent of children may outgrow milk or egg allergies by the age of 16. Peanut allergies are outgrown by a smaller percentage of children, around 20 to 25 percent, often by age eight.
However, allergies to tree nuts, fish, and shellfish are less likely to resolve naturally and often persist throughout life. Environmental allergies, like those to dust or mold, can also occasionally improve. This reduction in reactivity can sometimes be achieved through repeated, controlled exposure, such as through immunotherapy, which helps the body build tolerance.
Factors Influencing Allergy Shifts
The immune system continuously adapts throughout life, influencing how the body responds to allergens. Changes in the production of specific antibodies, like immunoglobulin E (IgE), contribute to whether an individual develops new sensitivities or experiences reduced reactions.
Environmental exposure also plays a significant role in allergy development and change. Moving to a new region, acquiring a new pet, or changes in occupational exposure can introduce novel allergens, potentially triggering new allergic responses. Conversely, reduced exposure to an allergen might lead to a decrease in symptoms over time. Air pollution also contributes to the exacerbation of allergic symptoms.
Genetic predisposition is another important factor; individuals with a family history of allergies have an increased likelihood of developing them. While genetics do not determine specific allergies, they confer a general tendency towards allergic conditions.
Hormonal fluctuations during life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, or menopause can also influence allergy symptoms or trigger new sensitivities. Estrogen, for example, can enhance immune activity, potentially intensifying allergic reactions.
Managing Evolving Allergy Symptoms
When individuals notice changes in their allergic reactions or suspect they are developing new sensitivities, consulting a healthcare professional is important. An allergist or doctor can provide proper diagnosis and guidance. They may recommend allergy testing, such as skin prick tests or blood tests, to identify specific allergens.
Based on diagnostic results, treatment plans can be adjusted to address the evolving allergy profile. Management strategies often include avoiding identified triggers as much as possible. Over-the-counter medications, prescription drugs, and immunotherapy, which involves gradually exposing the body to increasing amounts of an allergen to build tolerance, are also options for symptom control.