A tampon is a form of internal menstrual protection, designed to absorb and retain menstrual fluid before it can exit the body. It is a highly compressed cylinder of absorbent material inserted into the vaginal canal. Tampons are often preferred for their discreet nature and allow for activities like swimming.
Tampon Structure and Materials
The core of a tampon is compressed absorbent material, typically composed of cotton, rayon, or a blend of both natural and regenerated cellulose fibers. These fibers are highly compressed during manufacturing to create a small, firm cylinder that is easy to insert. The compression also creates the necessary structure for the absorption mechanism to function effectively.
A thin, non-woven fabric or perforated film often covers the absorbent core. This outer layer keeps the fibers intact and facilitates smoother insertion and removal. For retrieval, a strong string, secured through the inner part of the tampon, extends outside the body. Tampons come in two main styles: those used with a plastic or cardboard applicator to assist with placement, and non-applicator types inserted manually.
The Mechanics of Fluid Retention
A tampon absorbs fluid primarily through a physical principle called capillary action. The highly compressed fibers create numerous microscopic, tube-like spaces, or capillaries. When the tampon contacts menstrual fluid, the forces of adhesion (the attraction between the fluid and the fiber material) pull the liquid into these narrow spaces.
Capillary action draws the fluid inward and upward throughout the entire absorbent core, filling the internal structure. As the fibers become saturated, the compressed tampon expands outward, or radially, to conform to the shape of the vaginal canal. This expansion ensures the product fits snugly against the walls, which helps to prevent leakage and keeps the tampon securely in place.
Safe Usage and Absorbency Selection
Proper insertion requires pushing the tampon deep enough into the vagina until it is comfortable and not felt, typically angled toward the lower back. The removal string must remain outside the body for easy retrieval. Tampons should be changed regularly; the maximum wear time is eight hours, though changing every four to eight hours is advised depending on the flow.
Selecting the appropriate absorbency level is an important safety consideration. It is recommended to use the lowest absorbency necessary to manage the menstrual flow. Tampon absorbencies are standardized, ranging from Light (less than 6 grams) to Ultra (15–18 grams), based on the amount of fluid they can absorb in a standardized test. Using a higher absorbency than needed may encourage the growth of bacteria that can lead to Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), a rare but serious illness. If symptoms such as a sudden high fever, vomiting, or a sunburn-like rash occur while using a tampon, remove it immediately and seek medical attention.