A menstrual cup is a reusable, bell-shaped feminine hygiene device worn internally during menstruation. Made from flexible, medical-grade materials such as silicone, TPE, or rubber, it collects menstrual fluid rather than absorbing it like a tampon or pad. Once inserted, the cup sits low in the vaginal canal and forms a light seal against the walls, preventing leakage for up to 12 hours. This method offers a comfortable and sustainable alternative to disposable products.
Anatomy and Selecting the Right Fit
A menstrual cup consists of a few distinct components. The top edge is the rim, the firmest part, which creates the light vacuum seal against the vaginal walls. Below the rim is the main collection body, which holds the fluid and often features measurement lines to track flow volume.
Located just beneath the rim, small air holes allow air to escape during insertion, necessary for the cup to fully open and form its seal. The final component is the stem or pull tab at the base, which guides the user to locate the cup during removal. The stem should never be used to pull the cup out without first breaking the seal, as this causes discomfort.
Choosing the correct cup involves considering anatomical factors to ensure a secure fit and prevent leaks. The height of the cervix is a primary consideration; a low cervix requires a shorter cup, while a high cervix may necessitate a longer cup for easier retrieval. Flow intensity is another factor, as a heavier flow requires a cup with greater capacity for longer wear time.
The firmness of the cup material also affects fit. Softer cups are more comfortable for those with sensitive bladders but require stronger pelvic floor muscles to hold their shape. Conversely, a firmer cup springs open more easily, benefiting users with stronger pelvic muscles or those who engage in high-impact physical activity. Finding the correct size and firmness often involves trial and error, as internal anatomy is unique to each person.
Insertion and Establishing the Vacuum Seal
Inserting a menstrual cup requires folding the device into a smaller shape to be guided through the vaginal opening. Common folding techniques, such as the “C-fold” or the “punch-down fold,” compress the rim to a size comparable to a tampon. Lubricating the rim with water or a water-based lubricant facilitates smoother insertion, especially for first-time users.
The folded cup is inserted into the vagina, aiming back toward the tailbone, following the natural angle of the canal. Once positioned inside, the user releases the fold, allowing the cup to spring open and return to its original bell shape. This unfolding allows the rim to press against the vaginal walls.
The light vacuum seal allows the cup to function without leakage, securing it effectively in place. As the cup expands and the rim seals against the vaginal walls, the air holes release trapped air, creating slight negative pressure. This seal prevents fluid from bypassing the cup and ensures the device stays securely positioned.
Users confirm the seal is established by running a clean finger around the base, feeling for any dents or folds. Another method involves carefully twisting the cup slightly to ensure the rim has sealed against the vaginal lining. If inserted correctly, the cup should sit comfortably, with only the stem potentially remaining near the opening.
Removal, Emptying, and Troubleshooting
Breaking the vacuum seal is the most important step in removing a menstrual cup. Attempting to pull the cup out without releasing the seal can create suction, resulting in significant discomfort. The removal process typically begins by pulling the stem until the fingers can reach the base of the cup.
Once the base is accessible, the user must pinch the flexible material or insert a finger along the side to press the rim. This action introduces air, immediately breaking the vacuum seal and allowing the cup to be removed. The cup should then be eased out slowly, keeping it upright to avoid accidental spills.
If the stem is difficult to reach, changing position (squatting or bearing down with the pelvic floor muscles) can help lower the cup. The collected fluid is emptied into the toilet and the cup is rinsed before reinsertion. Accidental spillage is a common issue, minimized by removing the cup while sitting over the toilet or in the shower.
Cleaning and Long-Term Care
Proper hygiene maintains the longevity and safety of a menstrual cup. During the cycle, the cup should be emptied and rinsed with water every 4 to 12 hours, depending on the flow. After rinsing, cleaning with a mild, pH-neutral, oil-free soap is recommended before reinsertion.
Cleaning the cup with cold water initially helps prevent staining, as hot water can set the proteins in the blood into the silicone material. Attention should be paid to the air holes near the rim, which can become blocked with fluid, potentially compromising the seal. A soft brush or toothpick can be used to ensure these holes remain clear.
Between menstrual cycles, the cup must be sterilized to eliminate lingering bacteria and prepare it for storage. The most common sterilization method involves submerging the cup in boiling water for five to ten minutes. After boiling, the cup should cool completely and air dry before storage.
When not in use, the cup should be stored in a breathable pouch, such as cotton, to allow air circulation. Storing the cup in an airtight container is not recommended, as this can trap moisture and encourage bacterial growth. With diligent care, a single menstrual cup can be safely reused for several years.