Honey, a sweet and viscous substance produced by bees, has been recognized for its medicinal properties for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations, including those in Egypt, Greece, India, and China, used honey for healing wounds, soothing coughs, and treating various ailments.
How Honey Fights Viruses
Honey possesses several properties that contribute to its antiviral action. Its high sugar content and low water activity create an osmotic effect, drawing out moisture from viral particles. This dehydrates and disrupts viral structures, inhibiting their replication and survival.
The natural acidity of honey, with a pH typically ranging from 3.2 to 4.5, also plays a role in its antiviral effects. This acidic environment is generally unfavorable for many viruses, hindering their ability to thrive and multiply. Organic acids present in honey contribute to this low pH.
A significant mechanism involves the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when honey is diluted. The bee-derived enzyme glucose oxidase converts glucose in honey into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This continuous, low-level release of hydrogen peroxide can have a direct inhibitory effect on viruses, as demonstrated in laboratory studies.
Beyond these physical and chemical attributes, honey contains a complex array of phytochemicals, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds, derived from the plants from which bees collect nectar, are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They have been investigated for their direct antiviral activities, potentially interfering with viral replication or attachment to host cells.
Viruses Honey May Affect
Honey has shown potential or has been traditionally used against several viruses. Research indicates its activity against common cold viruses and influenza viruses. Manuka honey, in particular, has demonstrated strong antiviral activity against influenza A virus (H1N1) in cell cultures, possibly due to methylglyoxal (MGO).
The herpes simplex virus (HSV), which causes cold sores and genital herpes, is another area where honey has been explored. Studies have shown that topical application of honey can reduce the recovery time of herpes lesions. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 have shown inhibition by various honeys in laboratory studies.
Other viruses that honey has been reported to affect in laboratory studies include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and rubella virus. While these findings are promising, most of this research is in vitro, meaning it’s conducted in test tubes or petri dishes. More human-based studies are needed to confirm these effects in living organisms. Honey should be considered a supportive measure rather than a standalone treatment for viral infections.
Practical Ways to Use Honey
Incorporating honey for its potential antiviral benefits can be done in various ways. For general immune support, especially during cold and flu season, a common suggestion is to consume one teaspoon of honey daily directly from the jar. This can also help soothe a sore throat and suppress coughing.
Honey can be mixed into warm (not boiling) water or tea, often with a squeeze of lemon for added vitamin C. The heat should not be excessive, as very high temperatures can degrade some of honey’s beneficial compounds. This method provides hydration and can help alleviate symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections.
For adults, a typical dosage when experiencing symptoms might be one to two teaspoons of medicinal honey up to twice daily. While specific dosages can vary depending on the type of honey and individual needs, staying within this range is generally recommended. Manuka honey, known for its higher concentration of methylglyoxal, is often sought for its enhanced properties.
Key Safety Considerations
Despite its benefits, important safety considerations exist when using honey. Honey should never be given to infants under one year old due to the risk of infant botulism. This rare but serious illness is caused by Clostridium botulinum spores, which can be present in honey and germinate in an infant’s underdeveloped digestive system, producing toxins.
These botulinum spores are heat-resistant, meaning that cooking or baking with honey does not eliminate the risk for infants. Older children and adults have more mature digestive systems that can safely handle these spores. Allergic reactions to honey, though uncommon, can occur, especially in individuals sensitive to pollen or bee products.
Individuals with diabetes should be mindful of honey’s high sugar content, as it can affect blood glucose levels. While honey contains beneficial compounds, it is primarily composed of sugars like fructose and glucose. Consulting a healthcare professional is always advisable, particularly for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or if symptoms of illness persist or worsen. Honey serves as a complementary approach and should not replace medical advice or conventional treatments for viral infections.