Herpangina is a common viral illness, typically affecting young children, characterized by the sudden onset of fever and painful, blister-like sores in the mouth and throat. While often mild, the discomfort can make eating and drinking challenging. This infection is self-limiting, usually resolving on its own within a short period.
Understanding the Contagious Period
Herpangina is a highly contagious illness, primarily caused by enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus A, Coxsackievirus B, and Enterovirus 71. Highest contagiousness occurs during the acute phase, particularly within the first week of symptom onset. During this time, the virus is actively shed through respiratory droplets and fecal matter, increasing transmission likelihood.
Even after symptoms resolve, an infected individual can continue to shed the virus, especially in their stool, for several weeks. This shedding can persist for approximately three to eight weeks. This means a person can still transmit the virus even if they no longer show any visible signs of illness. The incubation period, the time between exposure and symptom development, typically ranges from three to five days.
How Herpangina Spreads
Herpangina viruses primarily spread through person-to-person contact. One common mode is the fecal-oral route. This occurs when particles of stool from an infected person are inadvertently ingested, often due to inadequate handwashing after using the toilet or changing diapers, followed by touching the mouth or contaminated surfaces.
Another pathway for transmission is through respiratory droplets. When an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks, droplets can be released into the air and inhaled by others. The viruses can survive on environmental surfaces for extended periods, contributing to easy spread in settings like daycares and schools. Contact with contaminated objects, such as toys, doorknobs, or shared utensils, also facilitates infection spread.
Recognizing Herpangina Symptoms
Herpangina symptoms typically appear suddenly, within three to five days after exposure. Initial signs often include a sudden high fever, sometimes reaching 106°F (41°C), and a sore throat. Children might also experience headache, loss of appetite, and general malaise.
Within one to two days of fever onset, characteristic mouth sores develop. These appear as small, gray or whitish blister-like bumps, usually 1-2 mm in diameter, with a red border. These painful lesions are predominantly found on the soft palate, tonsils, uvula, and posterior pharynx. Other symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, drooling, and vomiting. Symptoms generally last for about seven to ten days.
Preventing Transmission
Preventing herpangina spread relies on diligent hygiene practices. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water is a primary defense. Hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds, particularly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food.
Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and objects is crucial, including countertops, doorknobs, light switches, and toys. Individuals with herpangina should avoid close contact with others and cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to contain respiratory droplets. Keeping children home from school or daycare during the acute symptomatic phase helps prevent community outbreaks.