Glycyrrhiza extract, commonly known as licorice extract, comes from the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine, valued for various applications in ancient civilizations like Egypt, Rome, Greece, and East China.
Active Compounds and Their Actions
The primary active compound in glycyrrhiza extract is glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin. This compound is responsible for much of the root’s characteristic sweetness, being 30 to 50 times sweeter than sugar. Glycyrrhizin, and its metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibit the metabolism of cortisol, contributing to the extract’s physiological effects.
Glycyrrhiza extract also contains other compounds, including various flavonoids and polyphenols. These flavonoids, such as liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and glabridin, contribute to the extract’s yellow color and are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Over 400 compounds have been identified in licorice, offering a range of pharmacological actions, including antiviral effects.
Common Uses and Potential Health Applications
Glycyrrhiza extract is used for various health applications, particularly in supporting digestive and respiratory health. For digestive concerns, it helps soothe stomach upset, acid reflux, heartburn, and indigestion. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL), a form with reduced glycyrrhizin, is often recommended for treating ulcers and gastritis, as it may provide a protective coating for the digestive system.
The extract also addresses respiratory conditions like coughs and sore throats. Its compounds help relieve upper respiratory tract congestion by promoting bronchial mucosa secretion, making it a demulcent and expectorant. Beyond these uses, glycyrrhiza extract has been explored for skin conditions such as eczema, with some research suggesting it may reduce inflammation and symptoms.
Licorice has also been used in traditional medicine for adrenal function and liver health. Glycyrrhizin has shown antimicrobial activity against hepatitis C in cell samples and hepatoprotective activity against liver damage in animal studies. While these applications show promise, further research is needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in human populations.
Safety Considerations and Precautions
While glycyrrhiza extract has a long history of use, consider its potential side effects, especially with long-term or high-dose consumption. Excessive intake of glycyrrhizin, more than 2 mg/kg/day, can lead to adverse effects. These can include elevated blood pressure (hypertension) and decreased blood potassium (hypokalemia), potentially causing muscle weakness or irregular heart rhythms. Some reports suggest that consuming more than 2 ounces daily for at least two weeks may cause these effects, especially in adults over 40.
Glycyrrhiza extract should be avoided by individuals with pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney disease, as it can worsen these conditions. Pregnant individuals should also avoid licorice, as it may have steroidal and estrogenic effects, increasing the risk of preterm delivery.
Interactions with medications are another consideration. Glycyrrhiza extract may interact with blood pressure medications, diuretics, blood thinners (like warfarin), and cholesterol-lowering medications. It can also increase the effects of corticosteroids and impact the effectiveness of estrogen-based contraceptives. Consulting a healthcare professional before use is advisable, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.