Glucose, commonly known as blood sugar, is a simple sugar that serves as the primary energy source for the body’s cells and tissues. Derived from carbohydrates in food, it’s transported through the bloodstream to fuel various bodily functions, including brain activity. Stable blood glucose levels indicate overall metabolic health, influencing daily energy, mood, and well-being.
Understanding a Glucose Reading of 156
A glucose reading of 156 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) signifies an elevated blood glucose level. A fasting blood glucose level (after at least eight hours without food) for most healthy individuals ranges from 70 to 99 mg/dL. Two hours after eating, it is usually below 140 mg/dL.
A reading of 156 mg/dL, particularly if fasting, often indicates prediabetes—a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough for a type 2 diabetes diagnosis. A random blood test reading of 156 mg/dL also suggests an elevated level requiring further investigation. A single elevated reading does not confirm a diagnosis; medical professionals require two abnormal test results or a Hemoglobin A1C test, which measures average blood glucose over two to three months, to make a diagnosis.
Common Causes of Elevated Blood Glucose
Elevated blood glucose levels stem from several factors. Dietary choices play a substantial role, especially a high intake of refined carbohydrates and sugars. These are quickly broken down into glucose, causing rapid blood sugar spikes. Examples include sugary drinks, processed snacks, and desserts.
A lack of regular physical activity also contributes to elevated glucose. Exercise increases insulin sensitivity, allowing cells to more effectively absorb glucose from the bloodstream, and muscles utilize blood sugar for energy. Conversely, insufficient movement can lead to insulin resistance, a condition where muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond adequately to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the blood.
Stress is another factor that can impact blood glucose levels, as the body releases hormones like glucagon and cortisol during stressful periods, which can increase blood sugar. Certain medications, including corticosteroids, some blood pressure medications, and specific HIV treatments, can also induce insulin resistance and lead to higher blood glucose. Underlying health conditions such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes also contribute to sustained high blood sugar.
Potential Health Implications
Consistently elevated blood glucose levels can lead to long-term health complications. Prediabetes itself is associated with early damage to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, and significantly increases the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. Without intervention, about 15% to 30% of people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within five years.
Unmanaged high blood sugar can harm both large and small blood vessels. Damage to small blood vessels can affect the eyes, leading to vision problems or even blindness. It can also impair kidney function, potentially requiring dialysis or a transplant.
Nerve damage, known as diabetic neuropathy, can result in numbness, tingling, or pain, often starting in the hands and feet. Damage to larger blood vessels increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke, as well as peripheral artery disease. Poor circulation and nerve damage can also lead to foot problems, including slow-healing sores and infections, which may necessitate amputation. Early detection and management of elevated blood glucose help prevent or delay these complications.
Strategies for Managing Blood Glucose
Managing blood glucose levels begins with lifestyle modifications. A balanced diet focused on whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and abundant fruits and vegetables can help stabilize blood sugar. Limiting highly processed foods and sugary drinks is also advised, as these can cause rapid glucose spikes.
Regular physical activity is another strategy, with a goal of at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise per week, such as brisk walking or cycling. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, allowing cells to use glucose more efficiently. Maintaining a healthy weight, or losing even a modest amount of excess weight, can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control.
Stress management techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or engaging in hobbies can help regulate blood sugar, as stress hormones can cause levels to rise. Prioritizing adequate sleep (7-9 hours of quality rest per night) supports overall metabolic health and insulin regulation. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels and consistent follow-up with a healthcare professional help track progress and adjust management plans, which may include medication if lifestyle changes alone are insufficient.