Gallstones, medically known as choleliths, are hard, pebble-like formations that can develop inside a dog’s gallbladder. This small organ near the liver stores and concentrates bile, a fluid that helps digest fats, before releasing it into the small intestine. While not as common in dogs as in humans, gallstones can cause health complications if they grow large enough to cause inflammation or block bile flow.
Causes of Gallstones in Dogs
The formation of gallstones is linked to an imbalance in the chemical composition of bile, where substances like cholesterol or calcium bilirubinate become too concentrated and solidify. This can be triggered by underlying health issues, such as metabolic diseases like Cushing’s disease and hypothyroidism, which alter bile movement. High levels of cholesterol or fats in the bloodstream also contribute to the risk.
If the gallbladder does not contract properly, the stagnant bile can form sediment and stones. Bacterial infections from the intestines can cause gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), creating a favorable environment for stone formation. Certain breeds, including Miniature Schnauzers, Cocker Spaniels, and Shetland Sheepdogs, also have a genetic predisposition.
Symptoms of Gallstones
Gallstones in dogs are frequently asymptomatic, with many having “silent stones” discovered by chance during unrelated veterinary exams. Symptoms appear only when a stone causes inflammation, irritation, or an obstruction. These signs often mimic other gastrointestinal problems and can include vomiting, decreased appetite, and lethargy.
An owner may also notice abdominal pain, especially when the dog’s belly is touched. If a gallstone blocks the bile duct, it can cause jaundice—a yellowing of the gums, eyes, and skin. A fever may also develop, indicating an underlying infection or significant inflammation.
Veterinary Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing gallstones requires a thorough veterinary evaluation.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis begins with a physical exam, where a vet will check for abdominal pain, and a review of the dog’s symptoms. Blood tests can reveal elevated liver enzymes, high bilirubin levels, or signs of infection. While X-rays may sometimes show calcified gallstones, an abdominal ultrasound is the most reliable diagnostic tool. This imaging technique allows the veterinarian to visualize the gallbladder, identify stones, assess the thickness of the gallbladder wall, and check for any blockages in the bile ducts.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the treatment approach depends on the severity of the dog’s condition. For asymptomatic dogs, a vet may recommend medical management, including a low-fat diet and medications like ursodiol to dissolve certain stones over time. Antibiotics are prescribed if a bacterial infection is present.
For dogs with pain, obstruction, or recurrent inflammation, surgery is often the most effective treatment. The standard procedure is a cholecystectomy, the complete removal of the gallbladder. A ruptured gallbladder is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate surgery to remove it and clean the abdomen.
Recovery and Long-Term Outlook
The long-term outlook for dogs treated for gallstones is excellent, especially after a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). Dogs can live a normal, healthy life without a gallbladder because the liver continues to produce bile that drips directly into the small intestine. Post-surgical care involves rest and monitoring the incision.
For dogs managed medically, ongoing monitoring with periodic ultrasounds and blood work is required to check the stones and liver health. A permanent switch to a prescription low-fat diet is recommended for all affected dogs, whether treated medically or surgically, to reduce strain on the digestive system.