Eye lesions are abnormal changes or growths on or in the eye, or on the surrounding eyelids. They can range from harmless to signs of serious conditions, including infections or cancerous growth. Understanding these manifestations helps determine when to seek medical advice.
Types and Appearance of Eye Lesions
Lesions manifest in diverse forms and locations around the eye. Eyelid lesions appear as bumps or lumps on the outer surface. A stye (hordeolum) is a red, tender, painful bump resembling a pimple, usually at the eyelid edge near the eyelashes. A chalazion is a firm, painless lump deeper within the eyelid from a blocked oil gland. Other eyelid growths include benign cysts, which are mobile, dome-shaped lumps, and skin tags, small, flesh-colored projections.
Lesions on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye, have distinct appearances. A pinguecula is a raised, yellowish-white patch on the conjunctiva, usually near the cornea but not extending onto it. A pterygium, sometimes called surfer’s eye, is a fleshy, triangular growth that starts on the conjunctiva and can extend onto the cornea, potentially affecting vision. A subconjunctival hemorrhage appears as a bright red patch on the white of the eye, occurring when a small blood vessel breaks beneath the conjunctiva, similar to a bruise.
The cornea, the transparent front window of the eye, can also develop lesions. Corneal abrasions are scratches or scrapes on the surface that are painful. Corneal ulcers are open sores on the cornea, often appearing as white spots, accompanied by inflammation and infection. Some lesions, such as tumors, can occur inside the eye (intraocularly) and may not be visible without a specialized eye examination.
Common Causes of Eye Lesions
Eye lesions arise from various underlying factors, including infections, environmental exposures, and systemic health conditions. Infections are a frequent cause, with bacterial agents like Staphylococcus aureus causing styes and conjunctivitis. Viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus or adenoviruses, can result in viral conjunctivitis or keratitis. Fungal infections, while less common, can occur after an eye injury involving plant material or in individuals with compromised immune systems.
Inflammation and irritation also contribute to lesion development. Conditions like blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelid margins, can lead to clogged oil glands, resulting in chalazia. Allergies can cause conjunctivitis, characterized by redness and itching, while dry eye syndrome can lead to persistent irritation and a gritty sensation. Foreign bodies, such as dust, sand, or an eyelash, can cause abrasions or irritation on the cornea or conjunctiva.
Environmental factors play a role, particularly ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, which is linked to the development of pingueculae and pterygia. Wind and dust can also exacerbate irritation and inflammation, contributing to these growths. Systemic conditions, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, can manifest as eye lesions. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or Sjögren’s syndrome can lead to dry eyes, scleritis (inflammation of the white outer layer of the eye), or uveitis (inflammation inside the eye).
Benign growths are another category of causes. These include cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs, and papillomas, which are wart-like growths often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Moles (nevi) can also appear on the eyelids or eye surface. Age-related changes in ocular tissues, such as lens thickening or changes in tear production, can also contribute to certain eye conditions and lesions.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While some eye lesions are harmless, certain symptoms indicate a need for prompt medical evaluation. Sudden changes in vision, including blurriness, dimmed vision, or complete loss of sight in one or both eyes, warrant immediate attention. Severe eye pain or discomfort that does not subside also requires medical attention. Increased redness or swelling around the eye, especially if worsening, can signal a more serious underlying issue.
Discharge from the eye, particularly if thick, yellow, or green (pus), or excessive tearing, suggests an infection. Sensitivity to light (photophobia) is another warning sign. If an eye lesion rapidly grows in size or changes its appearance, such as developing irregular borders or bleeding, it should be examined by a doctor to rule out malignancy.
Fever or other systemic symptoms accompanying an eye lesion can indicate a body-wide infection requiring medical intervention. Any lesion that interferes with normal vision or eyelid function, such as blocking the field of vision or making it difficult to open or close the eye, needs professional assessment. A persistent foreign body sensation, even after attempting to flush the eye, suggests an object may be embedded or that there is ongoing irritation.
Managing and Treating Eye Lesions
The management and treatment of eye lesions depend on their specific diagnosis and underlying cause. A healthcare professional, typically an ophthalmologist, will conduct a thorough examination to determine the type and nature of the lesion. Accurate diagnosis guides the appropriate course of action.
For many benign and asymptomatic lesions, observation may be the primary approach, with no immediate treatment required. If a lesion causes discomfort or is infectious, medications are prescribed. These include eye drops, such as antibiotic drops for bacterial infections, antiviral drops for viral infections, or anti-inflammatory drops to reduce swelling and irritation. Oral medications, such as antibiotics or antivirals, may also be necessary for more widespread infections.
Minor procedures are common for certain types of lesions. Styes and chalazia that do not resolve on their own can be drained. Foreign bodies lodged on the eye’s surface can also be removed by a professional. In cases of larger growths, lesions affecting vision, or those suspected of being cancerous, surgical removal may be recommended. This could involve excising the growth and grafting healthy tissue to the affected area.
Supportive care measures often complement medical treatments. Applying warm compresses can help reduce inflammation and promote drainage for conditions like styes and chalazia. Artificial tears can provide lubrication and relieve irritation. Avoiding environmental irritants like excessive sun, wind, or dust, and practicing good eyelid hygiene, can also aid in recovery and prevent recurrence. Adhering to a doctor’s instructions for medication usage and follow-up appointments is important to ensure successful treatment and prevent complications.