Epiphytes are fascinating plants that grow on other plants or objects for physical support. They derive moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and accumulated debris rather than from their host. This allows them to thrive in environments where ground soil is scarce or inaccessible.
How Epiphytes Grow
Epiphytes have developed specialized adaptations to thrive without being rooted in soil. Many possess aerial roots that absorb moisture from the air and rainfall. These roots also serve to anchor the plant securely to its host structure.
Nutrient acquisition for epiphytes primarily occurs from decaying organic matter, dust, and other debris that collects around them. Rainwater also carries dissolved nutrients, which are readily absorbed by their specialized roots or leaves. Epiphytes are not parasitic; they do not extract resources from their host plants and cause no harm.
Common Epiphyte Plants
Many popular houseplants are epiphytes, showcasing diverse forms. Orchids are the most well-known group, celebrated for their diverse and striking flowers. Bromeliads, including Tillandsias or “air plants,” are another common example, recognized for their colorful foliage and unique structures.
Certain ferns, like staghorn and bird’s nest ferns, also grow epiphytically, displaying distinctive fronds. Some cacti, such as Christmas cactus and other jungle cacti, are also epiphytic, preferring humid environments.
Caring for Epiphytes
Appropriate light is important for epiphyte health. Most varieties thrive in bright, indirect light. Direct sunlight can be too intense, potentially scorching their leaves, but sufficient light is needed for growth and flowering. Positioning them near an east-facing window or a shaded south/west-facing window provides ideal conditions.
Watering epiphytes differs from traditional soil-bound plants, as they are prone to root rot if kept consistently wet. Many benefit from thorough soaking by immersing the plant in water for 20-30 minutes, then allowing excess water to drain. For air plants, weekly soaking for a few hours is sufficient, while orchids in bark mix require watering about once a week.
High humidity is important for epiphytes. Maintaining indoor humidity levels between 50-70% is beneficial, which can be achieved using pebble trays filled with water or by employing a room humidifier. Regular misting can supplement humidity, especially in drier environments.
Epiphytes do not require traditional potting soil; they thrive in loose, airy mediums or when mounted. Orchid bark, coconut husk, perlite, and sphagnum moss are suitable potting mixes, providing excellent drainage and aeration.
Mounting epiphytes onto cork bark or pieces of wood secured with fishing line or non-toxic glue allows roots to establish. Fertilize lightly with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer diluted to a quarter or half strength, applied monthly during the growing season.
Solving Epiphyte Problems
Yellowing leaves on epiphytes can indicate overwatering, underwatering, or nutrient deficiencies. Check substrate moisture if leaves yellow, ensuring it’s not constantly soggy or completely dry. Nutrient imbalances can also cause discoloration; a diluted fertilizer may be necessary if other causes are ruled out.
A lack of growth or failure to flower points to insufficient light or inadequate humidity. Epiphytes need bright, indirect light for effective photosynthesis, and consistent humidity for healthy development and bloom production. Adjusting their placement or increasing ambient moisture can help.
Pests like scale insects, mealybugs, and aphids can affect epiphytes. Regularly inspecting plants and wiping leaves with a damp cloth helps prevent infestations. If pests are present, insecticidal soap or neem oil can address the issue.
Root rot, characterized by mushy, discolored roots, is caused by overwatering or poorly draining media. Ensuring proper drainage and allowing the medium to dry slightly between waterings prevents it.