Dry mouth, medically known as xerostomia, occurs when the salivary glands do not produce enough saliva to keep the mouth adequately wet. For many individuals, particularly after a COVID-19 infection, dry mouth can become a persistent and uncomfortable condition. It is a common complaint that can significantly impact daily life.
Why COVID-19 Can Cause Dry Mouth
Dry mouth after COVID-19 infection involves several complex factors. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters human cells by binding to ACE2 receptors. These receptors are present in various body tissues, including the salivary glands. Research suggests the virus may directly affect salivary glands, impairing their function and reducing saliva production.
Systemic inflammation, a hallmark of COVID-19, also contributes to xerostomia. The body’s immune response to infection can lead to widespread inflammation, indirectly affecting salivary gland activity. Common medications for COVID-19 symptoms, like decongestants, can also cause dry mouth. Dehydration, common with illness due to fever or reduced fluid intake, further exacerbates the problem by decreasing bodily fluid levels, including saliva.
Recognizing Dry Mouth and Its Effects
Symptoms of dry mouth extend beyond just a feeling of dryness. Symptoms include a sticky sensation in the mouth, difficulty speaking or swallowing, or a persistent sore throat. Other symptoms include bad breath, a rough or grooved tongue, and an altered sense of taste. Lips may appear cracked or dry.
Prolonged dry mouth can lead to oral health complications because saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining oral hygiene. Saliva helps wash away food particles and bacteria, neutralizes acids, and protects tooth enamel. Without sufficient saliva, the risk of dental decay, cavities, and gum disease increases significantly. Dry mouth also makes individuals more susceptible to oral infections, such as oral thrush, and can cause mouth sores.
Strategies for Relief and Management
Managing dry mouth after COVID-19 involves practical strategies to alleviate discomfort and protect oral health. Staying well-hydrated is key; sip water frequently throughout the day to keep the mouth moist. Using a humidifier, especially at night, can add moisture to the air and reduce dryness. Chewing sugar-free gum or sucking on sugar-free candies can stimulate saliva production.
Over-the-counter products can provide relief. Artificial saliva sprays and gels can mimic natural saliva, offering temporary lubrication. Alcohol-free mouthwashes formulated for dry mouth can moisturize and refresh without causing further dryness. Brands like Biotène, TheraBreath, and ACT Dry Mouth are often recommended.
Lifestyle adjustments are beneficial. Avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and sugary or acidic foods and drinks can prevent further dehydration and irritation. Quitting tobacco use is advisable, as it can worsen dry mouth. If dry mouth symptoms persist for several weeks despite home remedies, or if accompanied by difficulty eating, changes in taste, or painful mouth sores, consult a healthcare professional or dentist. They can rule out other underlying causes and discuss potential treatment adjustments.