Blood pressure, a measure of the force of blood against artery walls, naturally fluctuates throughout the day due to various factors. For individuals who menstruate, a common inquiry involves whether their monthly cycle influences these readings. This article explores the relationship between periods and blood pressure, shedding light on the typical changes that can occur.
Blood Pressure Fluctuations During the Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle involves a complex interplay of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which can lead to minor, temporary shifts in blood pressure. During the first half of the cycle, known as the follicular phase (approximately days 0–14), blood pressure is typically lower than at the onset of menstruation. As the cycle progresses into the second half, the luteal phase (approximately days 14–28), blood pressure and body temperature may show a slight elevation, averaging about 1-2 mm Hg higher compared to the follicular phase.
These subtle variations are largely attributed to the changing levels of estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences nitric oxide, a substance that helps blood vessels relax and widen, while a drop in progesterone before menstruation can cause blood vessels to constrict, potentially increasing pressure. It is important to recognize that these hormonal influences result in minor, physiological adjustments in blood pressure and do not signify chronic high blood pressure.
Other Influences on Blood Pressure During a Period
While hormonal changes cause minor fluctuations, other factors coinciding with a period can also influence blood pressure readings. Fluid retention and bloating, common premenstrual symptoms, can temporarily increase blood volume and pressure on blood vessels. This fluid retention is often linked to hormonal shifts that promote sodium retention in the body.
Pain and discomfort, such as abdominal cramps or headaches, can also lead to a temporary elevation in blood pressure. Additionally, the stress and anxiety often associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can raise baseline anxiety and cortisol levels, which may affect blood pressure. Dietary factors, such as increased salt intake, and sleep disturbances, which can interfere with the body’s overnight blood pressure regulation, may further contribute to these temporary changes.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If you consistently observe elevated blood pressure readings around your period, or experience new or worsening symptoms, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable. These symptoms might include severe headaches, chest pain, vision changes, dizziness, or nausea. Monitoring blood pressure regularly, especially if you have a pre-existing condition like hypertension or risk factors for heart disease, can provide valuable information for your doctor.
Your doctor can help determine the underlying cause of any significant blood pressure changes. They can also recommend an appropriate management plan, which might include lifestyle adjustments or medication.