West Virginia experiences tornadoes, though less frequently than in the nation’s traditional “Tornado Alley.” These powerful rotating columns of air do occur within the state and can impact communities. While typically weaker than those in other regions, residents should understand the risk.
Tornado Activity in West Virginia
Since 1875, 192 tornadoes have been confirmed across the state. From 1993 to 2022, West Virginia averaged two tornadoes per year. While this frequency is lower compared to states in the Great Plains, it signifies a consistent, albeit low, risk.
Most tornadoes in West Virginia are on the weaker end of the scale. Approximately 79% of all recorded events are classified as EF0 or EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale. Stronger tornadoes, rated EF2 or EF3, account for 19% of events. Historically, two F4 tornadoes, the highest intensity recorded in the state, occurred on June 23, 1944. There have been no recorded violent tornadoes (EF4 or EF5) in West Virginia.
Where and When Tornadoes Strike
Tornado activity in West Virginia shows distinct geographical and seasonal patterns. The western counties and the northern panhandle are more susceptible to tornado touchdowns. Kanawha County has experienced the highest number of tornadoes, with 16 events since 1875. Other counties at a comparatively higher risk include Wayne, Lincoln, and Mingo.
Tornadoes are most common between April and July, with June being the most active month. Stronger tornadoes are most likely to occur earlier in the season, typically in March and April. Most tornadoes in the state tend to form in the late afternoon and early evening, with a peak between 3:00 PM and 8:00 PM.
Geographic Influences on Tornado Formation
West Virginia’s Appalachian Mountains significantly influence its tornado climatology. The mountainous terrain can disrupt the large-scale weather patterns necessary for the formation of supercell thunderstorms that produce strong tornadoes. Mountains create cooler, more stable air, which makes it less conducive for the warm, moist, and unstable air masses needed for tornado development.
The terrain can also interfere with the organized airflow and circulation patterns that tornadoes require. While mountainous regions generally experience fewer tornadoes, mountains do not stop them. Tornadoes can travel up and down hills and across varied elevations, demonstrating that no area is entirely immune to their impact.
Preparing for Tornadoes
Preparing for tornadoes is important for West Virginia residents. Weather alerts typically come in two forms: a tornado watch and a tornado warning. A tornado watch means conditions are favorable for tornadoes to develop, indicating residents should prepare to take action. A tornado warning means a tornado has been sighted or indicated by radar, requiring immediate action to protect lives and property.
When a tornado warning is issued, seeking immediate shelter is important. The safest place in a home is typically a basement or a storm cellar. If a basement is not available, an interior room on the lowest level of a building, away from windows, provides a safer alternative. Mobile homes and vehicles offer minimal protection and should be evacuated for more substantial shelter if possible.
Every household should have a family emergency plan, including a designated safe place and a method for receiving weather alerts. Preparing an emergency kit with essential supplies like food, water, flashlights, and a first aid kit can also provide support during and after a storm.