Pepper spray, or Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray, is a common non-lethal self-defense tool that causes immediate irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. When exposed, people often instinctively try to wash the affected area with water. This article clarifies the chemical properties of pepper spray and explains why using water for relief is generally ineffective and can sometimes spread the burning sensation.
The Chemical Reality of Oleoresin Capsicum
Pepper spray is derived from the fruit of chili pepper plants in the genus Capsicum. The active ingredient is Oleoresin Capsicum, a resinous extract that contains a group of chemical compounds called capsaicinoids. These capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, are responsible for the intense burning and pain sensations experienced upon exposure.
The critical property of capsaicinoids that dictates decontamination is their solubility. Capsaicin is oil-soluble, meaning it is lipophilic and hydrophobic, and does not mix with or dissolve in water. This oily nature is why the substance is designed to stick firmly to the skin and clothing.
The Water Question: Why It Can Intensify the Burn
Water does not neutralize or dissolve the irritating capsaicinoids because of their oil-soluble nature. Applying water alone provides only a fleeting moment of cooling relief, as it does not remove the active irritant adhered to the surface. Using water may even exacerbate the situation by moving the oily capsaicinoids around, spreading the irritant to unaffected or more sensitive areas. Rubbing or splashing can inadvertently push the oils into the pores of the skin or deeper into the eyes, prolonging the discomfort. Decontamination methods must rely on substances that can effectively break down or emulsify the oily OC, as small quantities of water are insufficient to wash away the compound.
Effective Decontamination and First Aid
The first step after exposure is to immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air to alleviate respiratory irritation. Contaminated clothing should be removed quickly to prevent further exposure, preferably by cutting the garment off rather than pulling it over the head.
The proven method for decontaminating the skin involves using a substance that can emulsify the oily capsaicinoids. Washing the affected area with soap, detergent, or baby shampoo is recommended, as the soap molecules help break down the oil. The eyes should be flushed copiously with clean, cool water or a saline solution for at least 15 minutes, with the person encouraged to blink vigorously. Avoid rubbing the contaminated areas, which spreads the irritant and increases the burning sensation. Instead, wash the face and skin with gentle blotting motions, and use airflow, such as a fan or cool breeze, to disperse remaining particles and cool the skin.
Duration of Effects and When to Seek Medical Attention
The immediate, severe symptoms of pepper spray exposure typically subside naturally within 30 minutes to an hour. Residual burning and irritation can persist for several hours, especially if decontamination was incomplete or contaminated clothing was not removed. The discomfort diminishes as the body naturally reduces the sensitivity of the affected nerve endings and the irritant is physically removed.
While pepper spray is designed to be non-lethal, certain symptoms require immediate professional medical care. Individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) may experience severe or prolonged respiratory distress, such as wheezing or difficulty breathing. Seeking medical attention is also necessary if there is persistent eye pain, blurred vision, or signs of a potential corneal abrasion due to excessive rubbing. If symptoms do not noticeably improve within 45 minutes to an hour after decontamination, a medical evaluation is recommended.