Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by patches of skin losing their natural color, resulting in lighter or white areas. This occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. While primarily known for its effects on skin, vitiligo can also impact hair. This article explores how vitiligo affects hair and clarifies whether it directly causes hair loss.
Vitiligo’s Effect on Hair Pigment
Vitiligo can significantly affect hair by targeting melanocytes located within hair follicles. When these pigment-producing cells are destroyed, the hair growing from the affected follicles loses its color, turning white or gray. This phenomenon is known as poliosis or leukotrichia. It is distinct from the natural graying process associated with aging, as vitiligo-related poliosis is often abrupt and localized to specific patches.
This depigmentation can occur in hair on any part of the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and even body hair. The hair shaft itself typically remains intact and continues to grow, just without its natural color. Sometimes, white hair can appear even before visible skin changes, indicating the presence of vitiligo in the hair follicles.
Does Vitiligo Cause Hair Loss?
Vitiligo primarily leads to the loss of hair pigment, causing strands to turn white or gray, but it does not directly cause hair loss (alopecia) from the affected follicles. The hair structure usually remains healthy, and the hair continues to grow, albeit without color. This means that while the hair may look different, the follicles are generally not damaged in a way that prevents hair growth.
The connection between vitiligo and hair loss is complex due to its autoimmune nature. Individuals with vitiligo have a higher likelihood of developing other autoimmune conditions, such as alopecia areata. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder that specifically targets and attacks hair follicles, leading to patchy hair loss. While both conditions are autoimmune and can co-occur, alopecia areata is a separate disease process that causes hair to fall out, not a direct symptom of vitiligo itself.
A notable percentage of people with vitiligo also experience alopecia areata. Therefore, if someone with vitiligo experiences hair loss, it is often due to a co-occurring condition like alopecia areata rather than vitiligo directly damaging the hair follicles. In rare instances, inflammation or certain treatments for vitiligo might indirectly contribute to some hair thinning, but this is not considered a primary effect.
Coping with Hair Changes
Managing hair changes associated with vitiligo, such as poliosis, often involves practical approaches. For hair that has lost pigment, individuals might consider using hair dyes to match their original hair color or blend with existing pigmented hair. It is important to perform a patch test first due to potential skin sensitivities. Alternatively, some individuals choose to embrace their white or gray hair, viewing it as a unique aspect of their appearance.
If hair loss occurs, particularly in patches, consulting a dermatologist is beneficial to determine if a separate condition like alopecia areata is present. For visible hair loss, options include specialized hairstyles, scarves, or wigs to cover affected areas. While vitiligo itself does not directly cause hair loss, addressing any co-occurring conditions and managing the cosmetic changes can help individuals feel more comfortable with their appearance.