Uterine cancer is the most common cancer affecting the female reproductive organs, typically beginning in the inner lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. This malignancy is most often referred to as endometrial cancer. While many people search for information regarding symptoms like a foul smell, any change in gynecological health should prompt a consultation with a medical professional. Obtaining a precise diagnosis is the only way to determine the cause of concerning physical changes.
Understanding Abnormal Discharge and Odor
While uterine cancer itself does not possess a distinct smell, the abnormal vaginal discharge it causes may develop a noticeable, foul odor. This unpleasant smell is not a direct product of the cancerous cells. It is a consequence of biological processes occurring as the tumor grows and breaks down tissue. When a tumor outgrows its blood supply, the tissue can die (necrosis). The breakdown of this dead tissue, mixed with blood and fluids, creates an environment conducive to bacterial overgrowth and secondary infection, which produces the offensive smell.
The discharge is frequently described as thin and watery, sometimes appearing clear or white, especially in postmenopausal women. It often contains traces of blood, leading to colors ranging from pink or brown to dark red. The consistency may also be pus-like due to infection. This unusual discharge is a common symptom and warrants prompt medical evaluation.
Definitive Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
The most frequent and characteristic symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. This is particularly true for postmenopausal bleeding, where any spotting or flow is considered abnormal and must be investigated immediately. In premenopausal individuals, abnormal bleeding manifests as unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual periods, or bleeding that occurs between expected cycles.
As the tumor grows, it can create pressure and discomfort within the pelvic region. Individuals may experience persistent pelvic pain, cramping, or a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen. The expanding mass can also press on nearby organs, leading to changes in bladder and bowel function. This pressure may cause difficulty or pain during urination, or changes in bowel habits. Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) may also occur as the disease progresses.
Diagnostic Procedures and Screening
Unlike some other cancers, there is currently no standard screening test for uterine cancer recommended for the general population. Diagnosis typically begins when an individual reports symptoms, especially abnormal bleeding, to their healthcare provider. The initial evaluation includes a thorough physical and pelvic examination to check for masses or other abnormalities.
Often, the next step involves a transvaginal ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create an image of the uterus. This procedure measures the thickness of the endometrium, as an abnormally thickened lining can be a sign of cancer or a precancerous condition. However, a definitive diagnosis requires a tissue sample.
The most common procedure to obtain this sample is an endometrial biopsy, where a thin tube is inserted through the cervix to collect tissue from the uterine lining. If the biopsy is inconclusive, a procedure called dilation and curettage (D&C), often performed with a hysteroscopy to visualize the uterus, may be used to collect a larger tissue sample. If cancer is confirmed, further imaging tests like CT or MRI scans may be ordered to determine the extent of the disease.