Texas boasts more snake species and subspecies than any other state in the United States, exceeding 100 types. Of this large group, only about 15 are considered venomous and pose a potential threat to humans. Most snakes found in Texas are non-venomous.
Why Texas is a Haven for Snakes
The size of Texas contributes significantly to its snake biodiversity, offering a wide range of habitats across its landmass. The state acts as an ecological crossroads where four major geographic regions converge: the arid deserts of the west, the subtropical areas of the south, the temperate forests of the east, and the Great Plains of the north. This positioning allows for a high number of species whose natural ranges meet and overlap within the state’s borders.
The landscape includes distinct ecoregions such as the dense Pineywoods, coastal marshes, the rugged Edwards Plateau, and the Chihuahuan Desert. Each region presents different environmental conditions, from high humidity and ample water sources to extreme dryness and rocky terrain. This variety of topographies supports a wide range of specialized snake populations, from aquatic species to burrowing desert dwellers.
Identifying Venomous Species
Texas is home to four main groups of venomous snakes: rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, and coral snakes. The first three belong to the pit viper family, characterized by a triangular head, vertical pupils, and heat-sensing pits located between the eye and nostril. These characteristics should not be the sole basis for identification, as many harmless snakes flatten their heads when threatened.
Rattlesnakes are the most widespread group, with the Western Diamondback being the most common and largest species. They are recognized by the segmented rattle on the end of their tail, which serves as a warning sign. Copperheads are medium-sized snakes typically found in wooded areas, identifiable by their copper-colored heads and dark, hourglass-shaped crossbands on a lighter body. A bite requires immediate medical attention.
Cottonmouths, also known as water moccasins, are heavy-bodied snakes that inhabit swamps, marshes, and slow-moving waterways, primarily in East Texas. When threatened, they display a defensive behavior, opening their mouths to reveal a bright white, cotton-like lining. Unlike harmless water snakes, cottonmouths often swim with their bodies mostly on top of the water surface, holding their heads elevated.
The Texas Coral Snake is the state’s only venomous species that is not a pit viper, belonging to the same family as cobras. This slender snake has a pattern of red, yellow, and black bands that completely encircle its body. A common memory aid for non-venomous mimics is the rhyme: “Red touch yellow, kill a fellow,” as the venomous coral snake has red bands touching yellow bands. Coral snakes possess fixed fangs and inject a neurotoxic venom.
Frequently Encountered Non-Venomous Snakes
The Texas Rat Snake is the most commonly seen species, often found around homes, barns, and urban areas. These beneficial snakes are excellent climbers and control rodent populations. When startled, a rat snake may defensively shake its tail, which can sound like a rattle if it brushes against dry leaves or debris, potentially leading to misidentification.
Another group often mistaken for venomous species are the various non-venomous water snakes, such as the Diamondback Water Snake. They are frequently confused with the cottonmouth due to their dark coloration and aquatic habitats. Water snakes are harmless and may release a foul-smelling musk as a defense mechanism when handled.
King Snakes and Milk Snakes are frequently encountered and display red, black, and yellow banding, often leading to confusion with the coral snake. They can be distinguished because their red bands touch the black bands, not the yellow ones. Other common non-venomous species include the slender Coachwhip, the Bullsnake (which sometimes mimics a rattlesnake by hissing and flattening its head), and various Garter Snakes.
Safety Measures and Coexisting
Snakes typically only strike when they feel threatened, so maintaining awareness and distance is key to prevention. When walking in tall grass, wooded areas, or rocky terrain, wear thick leather boots and long pants. Using a flashlight when moving outdoors at night is also recommended, as many snakes are nocturnal.
Around your home, reduce potential habitats by clearing piles of wood, debris, and dense brush away from structures. If a snake is encountered, remain calm and slowly back away, giving the animal ample space to retreat. Never attempt to handle, capture, or kill a snake, as this is when the majority of bites occur.
If a bite from a venomous snake occurs, immediate medical attention is necessary; call 9-1-1 or the Texas Poison Center Network. While waiting for help, remove any rings, watches, or constricting clothing near the bite site before swelling begins. Traditional first aid methods like cutting the wound, attempting to suck out the venom, or applying a tourniquet are strongly advised against, as they can cause significant harm.