Testicular cancer primarily affects younger men, typically between 15 and 35. This uncommon cancer develops in the testicles. A common question concerns its hereditary nature. This article explores the relationship between genetics and testicular cancer, along with other contributing factors and detection methods.
The Role of Genetics
A family history of testicular cancer increases an individual’s risk. This risk is particularly notable if a first-degree relative, such as a father or brother, has been diagnosed. For instance, a man’s risk can be two to four times higher if his father had testicular cancer, and eight to twelve times higher if a brother was affected.
Despite this increased risk, testicular cancer does not follow a strong, direct inheritance pattern like some other genetic conditions. Instead, it is often linked to a genetic predisposition involving multiple genes, each contributing a small risk increase. Researchers are actively investigating these genetic mechanisms. The vast majority of testicular cancer cases occur in men with no family history of the disease.
Additional Risk Factors
Beyond genetic predispositions, several other factors can increase the likelihood of developing testicular cancer. One significant risk factor is cryptorchidism, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. Even if surgery is performed to correct this, the risk remains elevated, suggesting an underlying abnormality in the testicle itself.
A personal history of testicular cancer in one testicle also substantially increases the risk of developing it in the other. This occurs in 2% to 4% of cases, representing a twelvefold higher risk compared to men without a prior diagnosis. Certain ethnic backgrounds also show varying rates, with non-Hispanic white men in the United States and Europe having a higher incidence.
Proactive Steps for Detection
Early detection is important, especially with increased risk. Regular self-examination of the testicles is a primary method for identifying unusual changes. The best time for a self-exam is during or immediately after a warm shower or bath, as warmth relaxes the scrotal skin, making abnormalities easier to feel.
During the self-exam, gently roll each testicle between thumbs and fingers, feeling for lumps, swelling, or changes in size, shape, or consistency. Testicles are normally slightly different in size. A cord-like epididymis can be felt at the back of each testicle; do not confuse this with a lump. Any new lump, swelling, pain, or heaviness should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider. Early detection often leads to a very favorable prognosis.