Tennessee is home to rattlesnakes. While encounters with these reptiles are relatively rare, understanding their presence is important for safety and awareness. Knowing the specific species and their behaviors helps minimize potential risks during outdoor activities.
Native Rattlesnake Species
Tennessee is home to two primary rattlesnake species: the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and the Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius). The Timber Rattlesnake is the largest venomous snake in the state, typically reaching lengths of 2.5 to 5 feet, though some can grow up to 7 feet. Their coloration can vary, often appearing gray with a pinkish hue, or a brown or black stripe down their back. Darker, chevron-shaped patterns run along their bodies, and their tails are distinctly black.
The Pygmy Rattlesnake is considerably smaller, ranging from 15 to 20 inches in length, making it one of the state’s least known venomous snakes. This species exhibits a body color of gray or tan, with an orangish-brown stripe along its mid-dorsum. Dark, bar-shaped blotches run along its back, with additional rows of dark spots on each side. Pygmy rattlesnakes also feature a prominent black stripe extending from their eyes to the corners of their mouths.
Timber rattlesnakes are generally docile, preferring to remain motionless or retreat when encountered. They typically strike only if provoked or threatened. Pygmy rattlesnakes also tend to be non-aggressive, often relying on camouflage to avoid detection. While some may be more defensive, they are generally reluctant to bite.
Their Habitats and Characteristics
Timber rattlesnakes inhabit diverse environments across Tennessee, favoring mature, heavily wooded forests, especially those with rocky, south-facing hillsides, bluffs, or ledges. They are also found in lowland cane thickets, high areas around rivers and floodplains, and mountainous regions. These snakes are seen coiled near fallen logs or basking on sun-exposed rocks.
Pygmy rattlesnakes, though less common, occupy diverse habitats, found near water in floodplains, wetlands, and moist fields. They may be present in rocky uplands or pine woods. Both species possess a broad, triangular head, characteristic of pit vipers, accommodating their venom glands. Their pupils are vertical, and they have heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils, aiding in detecting prey.
The most distinctive feature of rattlesnakes is their rattle, composed of interlocking keratin segments at the end of their tail. This rattle develops as the snake sheds its skin, with a new segment added with each molt. When agitated, they shake this rattle to produce a warning sound. The Pygmy Rattlesnake’s rattle is notably smaller, producing a faint buzzing sound often mistaken for an insect.
Encountering Rattlesnakes Safely
Encountering a rattlesnake in Tennessee requires a calm and cautious approach. Maintain a safe distance, at least six feet, and avoid provoking, cornering, or handling the snake. Rattlesnakes prefer to avoid confrontation and usually retreat if given the opportunity. Slowly back away to create more space, allowing it to move away without feeling threatened.
To prevent encounters, especially when hiking or in natural areas, wear appropriate footwear like closed-toe shoes or boots. Staying on marked trails reduces the chance of accidentally stepping on a hidden snake. Be aware of your surroundings, particularly when stepping over logs or rocks, or reaching into dense vegetation.
If a rattlesnake bite occurs, seek immediate medical attention. Do not attempt to cut the wound, apply ice, or use a tourniquet, as these actions can cause more harm. Remain calm and keep the bitten limb still and below the level of the heart to help slow venom spread until professional medical care is available.