The term “sun poisoning” is not a formal medical diagnosis but a common phrase used to describe a severe reaction to ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. This reaction represents a significant biological insult to the body. The underlying mechanism involves intense inflammation triggered by UV damage to skin cells, which initiates a cascade of immune responses. Localized fluid retention (swelling) is a direct consequence of the body’s attempt to heal the damaged tissue. This inflammatory response often causes symptoms that affect the entire body, not just the exposed skin.
Defining Severe Sun Reactions
What people refer to as “sun poisoning” generally falls into one of two categories, both involving a significant inflammatory response. The most frequent use of the term describes an extremely severe case of sunburn, essentially a second-degree burn of the skin. This level of UV damage destroys multiple layers of skin cells, leading to a profound inflammatory reaction that causes systemic illness.
The second, less common meaning refers to a photoallergic reaction, most often Polymorphous Light Eruption (PMLE). In PMLE, the body’s immune system mistakenly identifies a substance altered by UV light as a foreign invader, resulting in an itchy, dense rash that typically appears after the first intense sun exposure of the year.
Swelling and Other Systemic Symptoms
Swelling, or edema, is a common feature of severe sun reactions, occurring as a direct result of the body’s localized inflammatory response. When UV radiation damages skin cells, they release chemical mediators like histamine and prostaglandins, which signal blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. This increased permeability allows fluid, white blood cells, and proteins to leak from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue, causing the skin to appear puffy, tight, and feel hot to the touch.
Beyond localized swelling, severe reactions are characterized by systemic symptoms. These can include flu-like symptoms such as fever, often accompanied by chills and headache. Nausea and vomiting are also reported, sometimes exacerbating dehydration. The severity is often marked by large, fluid-filled blisters that form over the burned area, representing a second-degree burn.
At-Home Relief for Acute Symptoms
Immediate self-care focuses on cooling the damaged skin and reducing inflammation to manage pain and swelling. Applying cool compresses or taking a cool, not cold, bath or shower helps draw heat away from the skin and constrict the dilated blood vessels. When drying off, the skin should be gently patted to avoid further irritation of the tender, inflamed surface.
To address the internal inflammatory process, taking an over-the-counter Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) like ibuprofen is effective. These medications work by inhibiting the production of the chemical mediators that cause pain, fever, and swelling. Adequate hydration is necessary, as the body loses fluid through the damaged skin and from any associated fever, requiring the intake of water or electrolyte-rich fluids.
Topically, applying pure aloe vera gel or a plain, fragrance-free moisturizing cream can soothe the skin and help prevent excessive moisture loss. Avoid products containing petroleum jelly, benzocaine, or lidocaine, as these can trap heat or further irritate the sensitive tissue. Loose-fitting clothing should be worn over the affected areas to prevent friction and allow the skin to breathe while it heals.
Recognizing the Need for Emergency Care
A severe sun reaction can escalate quickly, and certain warning signs indicate that home treatment is insufficient and professional medical attention is necessary.
- Swelling that is spreading rapidly, particularly if it involves the face, lips, or throat, requires immediate emergency assessment, as it could indicate a severe allergic reaction or airway compromise.
- A high fever, generally considered above 102 degrees Fahrenheit, especially if accompanied by confusion or severe chills.
- Extensive blistering that covers a large percentage of the body, such as an entire limb or the whole back, should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to prevent infection and ensure proper wound care.
- Signs of severe dehydration, including dizziness, intense thirst, or a significantly reduced output of urine, require prompt medical intervention, often involving intravenous fluids.
- Any persistent or worsening pain that is not relieved by over-the-counter medication also signals a need for professional medical assessment.