Hummingbirds are commonly observed to be drawn to the color red. Many feeders feature prominent red components, and red flowers are often recommended for attracting them to gardens. This article explores the scientific reasons behind this attraction, other factors that entice these dynamic creatures, and outlines a comprehensive approach to creating a hummingbird-friendly environment.
Hummingbird Vision and Red
Hummingbirds possess a visual system that differs significantly from human vision. Unlike humans, who have three types of color-sensitive cone cells (trichromatic vision for red, green, and blue), hummingbirds have a fourth type of cone sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. This tetrachromatic vision enables them to see a broader spectrum of colors, including UV light and “non-spectral” colors formed by combinations of UV with other visible light, such as ultraviolet+green or ultraviolet+red.
This expanded color perception means red, orange, and yellow hues appear particularly vibrant to hummingbirds. Their retina contains a dense concentration of cones with pigments and oil droplets that act as filters, heightening sensitivity to warmer shades like red while muting cooler tones such as blue. Red flowers, in particular, often signal a rich source of high-energy nectar, leading hummingbirds to associate this color with a valuable food reward. This evolutionary adaptation helps them efficiently locate nectar-rich plants, as many flowers pollinated by hummingbirds have evolved to be red.
Beyond Color: Other Attractants
While red is a strong attractant, hummingbirds are also drawn to other bright colors, including orange, pink, bright yellows, and purple. Their ability to see combinations of ultraviolet light with these colors means a flower appearing as a single color to humans might be perceived as a complex, multi-faceted signal by a hummingbird. This broader color sensitivity allows them to find various nectar sources.
Nectar, whether from natural flowers or a sugar water solution, provides the essential carbohydrates hummingbirds need to fuel their high metabolism. However, nectar alone does not provide all necessary nutrients. Hummingbirds also require protein, which they obtain by consuming small insects, larvae, insect eggs, and spiders. They catch these tiny arthropods in mid-air, glean them from leaves, or even snatch them from spider webs. Water sources, such as misters or shallow bird baths, are important for bathing and hydration.
Creating a Hummingbird-Friendly Environment
To attract hummingbirds, planting native, nectar-rich flowers is an effective strategy. Species with tubular shapes are particularly appealing, as they are well-suited for a hummingbird’s long bill and tongue. Examples include trumpet honeysuckle, bee balm, cardinal flower, and various salvias. Grouping similar plants and choosing varieties with different blooming periods ensures a continuous supply of food throughout the season.
Supplementing natural nectar sources with hummingbird feeders provides additional sustenance. A simple sugar water solution, made by mixing one part refined white sugar with four parts water, is appropriate. Avoid adding red dye to the solution, as it is unnecessary and potentially harmful to the birds. Feeders require frequent cleaning to prevent mold and bacteria, especially in warm weather, typically every two to five days.
Providing perching spots, such as small branches on bushes or trees, offers hummingbirds places to rest and survey their surroundings. Minimizing or eliminating pesticide use in the yard is important, as these chemicals can harm hummingbirds directly or by reducing their insect food sources. Creating a diverse habitat with native plants and clean feeders supports these birds throughout their active lives.