Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint condition characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage, the protective tissue cushioning the ends of bones. This deterioration can lead to pain, stiffness, and reduced flexibility in affected joints, commonly including the hands, knees, hips, and spine. While OA primarily impacts the joints, its effects can extend throughout the body, influencing overall health. This article explores the relationship between OA and life expectancy, a topic with diverse research findings and contributing factors.
Does Osteoarthritis Shorten Life Expectancy
Research on the direct impact of osteoarthritis on life expectancy presents a complex picture. Some studies suggest an increased risk of premature death, while others report no significant association or even a decreased one. For instance, meta-analyses have shown that OA cohorts, particularly those with generalized OA affecting multiple locations, might exhibit a longer lifespan and lower age-specific all-cause mortality.
The varying findings can stem from several methodological considerations. Differences in how OA is defined, whether by radiographic evidence or symptomatic presentation, can influence results. Study design and the consistent re-evaluation of confounding variables like body mass index (BMI) and other health conditions also play a role. OA has been linked to a reduced number of years people can be healthy and in work, particularly at age 50. This suggests that while OA might not directly shorten overall life, it can impact the duration of a healthy, active life.
Why Osteoarthritis Can Influence Longevity
Associated Health Conditions
Individuals living with osteoarthritis often experience other chronic health issues, known as comorbidities, which can influence longevity. These co-occurring conditions, rather than OA itself, are frequently the direct contributors to increased mortality. Cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, are commonly reported causes of death in individuals with OA. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome are also prevalent among OA patients and are well-established risk factors for reduced life expectancy.
Reduced Physical Activity and Disability
The pain, stiffness, and functional limitations caused by osteoarthritis often lead to a more sedentary lifestyle. This reduction in physical activity can contribute to weight gain, muscle loss, and worsen existing comorbidities, all of which are independently linked to a higher risk of premature death. Physical inactivity can also lead to substantial losses in health-related quality of life and increase the risk of adverse health conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
Chronic Pain and Inflammation
Persistent chronic pain and low-grade systemic inflammation, often associated with severe osteoarthritis, may also play a role in overall health and longevity. While OA is not typically considered an inflammatory form of arthritis, evidence suggests subclinical low-grade inflammation within the joint and systemic inflammation, especially in cases related to obesity. This systemic inflammation can contribute to processes linked with biological aging and may increase the risk of developing frailty. Pain itself is recognized as a risk factor for frailty, with OA-related pain in the lower limbs associated with an increased risk over time.
Living Well with Osteoarthritis
Maintaining an Active Lifestyle
Engaging in adapted physical activity is important for individuals with osteoarthritis to manage their condition and improve overall health. Low-impact exercises like swimming, walking, cycling, or tai chi can help maintain joint function, strengthen supporting muscles, and manage weight. Physical therapy can also be beneficial in developing personalized exercise routines that accommodate individual abilities and pain levels. Even small improvements in activity levels can lead to substantial improvements in quality of life and reduce the risk of other chronic diseases.
Weight Management
Maintaining a healthy weight significantly impacts both OA progression and overall health, mitigating the risk of comorbidities. For patients with OA who are overweight or obese, weight loss can improve pain, stiffness, and function. Even a modest reduction in body weight can relieve pain and improve function, with greater benefits seen with more weight loss. This reduction in mechanical stress on joints, combined with decreased inflammation associated with weight loss, contributes to better joint health.
Effective Pain Management
Implementing effective strategies for managing chronic pain is important for improving the quality of life for individuals with OA. These strategies may include medication, physical therapy, heat or cold therapy, and mind-body techniques. Effectively managing pain allows for greater physical activity, which helps strengthen muscles, maintain joint flexibility, and reduce the psychological stress often associated with chronic pain. This supports overall well-being.
Managing Co-existing Conditions
Working closely with healthcare providers to effectively manage other health issues is important for individuals with OA. Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol are major determinants of overall health and life expectancy. Proactive management of these comorbidities can significantly reduce the risk of serious health complications and contribute to a longer, healthier life.
Regular Medical Check-ups and Adherence to Treatment
Ongoing medical care, regular monitoring, and adherence to prescribed treatments for both OA and any co-existing conditions are important aspects of managing the disease. This consistent medical oversight ensures that OA symptoms are managed effectively and that any emerging or worsening comorbidities are addressed promptly. Following medical advice and treatment plans helps to slow the progression of OA, alleviate symptoms, and maintain overall health, which collectively supports improved longevity.