Oil pulling is an ancient practice that has recently gained attention as a natural method for improving oral hygiene. This technique involves vigorously swishing an edible oil around the mouth for a period of time before spitting it out. The primary question for many people is whether this Ayurvedic remedy offers measurable health benefits beyond standard brushing and flossing. A look at the scientific literature helps to determine the validity of the claims made about this practice.
Understanding the Practice of Oil Pulling
Oil pulling has its origins in Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine from India, dating back thousands of years. The practice is mentioned in ancient texts as a method for cleansing the mouth and promoting general well-being. Historically, practitioners used oils like sesame or sunflower, though modern use often favors coconut oil.
Proponents suggest the mechanism involves the oil acting as a solvent to attract and trap bacteria and debris. Since many oral bacteria have a lipid outer membrane, the oil’s lipophilic nature is theorized to pull these microbes from oral surfaces. Oils like coconut oil also contain lauric acid, which exhibits antimicrobial properties when it reacts with enzymes in the saliva.
The physical action of swishing the oil creates a mechanical cleansing effect, similar to using a mouthwash, which helps dislodge particles and reduce the total microbial load.
Scientific Evaluation of Key Oral Health Claims
Clinical research has focused primarily on comparing oil pulling to established oral hygiene methods, often using the prescription-strength mouthwash chlorhexidine as a benchmark. Studies investigating the effect on plaque and gingivitis show mixed results, with some suggesting oil pulling with coconut oil may be comparable to chlorhexidine in reducing gingivitis severity. However, a broader meta-analysis concluded that chlorhexidine remains superior in reducing the amount of plaque overall.
Regarding bacteria linked to decay, some research indicates that oil pulling can significantly reduce the count of Streptococcus mutans, the primary bacterium responsible for dental caries. Other analyses found no significant difference in the reduction of this microbe compared to control groups. Any benefit is attributed to the oil’s antimicrobial properties combined with the mechanical rinsing action.
Oil pulling has also been examined for its effectiveness in addressing halitosis, or chronic bad breath. At least one controlled trial found that oil pulling with sesame oil was equally effective as chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing oral malodor and the microbial counts causing it. Claims about teeth whitening or the reversal of cavities lack substantial scientific evidence and are largely anecdotal. The perceived whitening effect may be due to the removal of surface stains and debris.
Safe Implementation and Dental Recommendations
The traditional method involves swishing approximately one tablespoon of oil for 15 to 20 minutes, preferably on an empty stomach, before spitting it out. It is important to dispose of the used oil in the trash, as it can solidify and potentially clog plumbing if spit down a sink. After spitting, a thorough rinse with water and regular brushing are recommended to remove any oily residue.
Individuals new to the practice may experience jaw soreness or fatigue due to the prolonged swishing motion. Accidentally swallowing the oil, which is mixed with oral bacteria and debris, can cause gastrointestinal upset or diarrhea. A more serious, though rare, risk is exogenous lipoid pneumonia, which occurs if oil is accidentally inhaled into the lungs. This is a concern for people with impaired gag reflexes or difficulty controlling swallowing.
Major dental organizations, such as the American Dental Association, do not recommend oil pulling as a reliable dental hygiene practice. They maintain there is insufficient high-quality scientific evidence to support its use. Dental professionals emphasize that oil pulling should never replace the established routine of brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once a day. If chosen, it should be used only as a supplement to a standard oral care regimen and discussed with a dentist.