Naltrexone is a medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating substance use disorders. It plays a role in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for both alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. This medication is available in oral tablet form or as an extended-release injectable.
How Naltrexone Works
Naltrexone functions as an opioid antagonist, blocking opioid receptors in the brain. These receptors are involved in the brain’s reward pathways. By blocking them, naltrexone reduces the pleasurable or euphoric effects alcohol typically produces, which helps diminish cravings for alcohol and makes it easier to reduce or stop drinking.
Naltrexone does not cause physical sickness, such as nausea, vomiting, or flushing, if a person consumes alcohol while taking it. This distinguishes it from other medications like disulfiram (Antabuse), which specifically induces an unpleasant physical reaction to alcohol. Naltrexone’s action is focused on altering the brain’s response to alcohol, rather than creating an aversive physical reaction.
Effects of Drinking Alcohol While on Naltrexone
When an individual consumes alcohol while taking naltrexone, they will not experience the immediate, severe physical sickness associated with some other medications. Instead, the primary effect is a significant reduction or complete absence of the “buzz” or pleasurable feelings typically associated with drinking. Naltrexone works by preventing the brain from registering the usual rewarding effects of alcohol.
Despite the diminished pleasurable sensations, alcohol will still cause intoxication. Impaired judgment, coordination issues, and sedation can still occur, and driving or operating machinery remains unsafe. While the rewarding aspect that often drives continued drinking is lessened, naltrexone does not prevent the intoxicating effects or the potential negative health consequences of excessive alcohol consumption.
Key Considerations for Naltrexone Treatment
Naltrexone is most effective when integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan. This often includes counseling, therapy, or participation in support groups, as these components address the behavioral and psychological aspects of recovery. Naltrexone is a tool to aid recovery, not a standalone cure for alcohol use disorder.
Individuals taking naltrexone may experience common side effects not related to alcohol consumption. These can include mild nausea, headaches, dizziness, or fatigue. Such side effects are usually temporary and often subside as the body adjusts to the medication. It is important to take naltrexone exactly as prescribed and to avoid discontinuing it without medical guidance.