Naltrexone is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to assist individuals managing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Its primary role involves helping people reduce alcohol consumption and maintain abstinence. This medication acts as one component within a broader treatment strategy for AUD, which is a complex medical condition.
How Naltrexone Modifies Alcohol’s Effects
Naltrexone works by interacting with the brain’s natural reward system, specifically targeting opioid receptors. When alcohol is consumed, it triggers the release of endorphins, which are natural opioids produced by the body. These endorphins bind to mu-opioid receptors in the brain, contributing to the pleasurable and rewarding feelings associated with drinking alcohol.
Naltrexone functions as an opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it binds to these same receptors but does not activate them. Instead, it blocks the endorphins from binding, thereby preventing the euphoric or pleasurable “buzz” that alcohol can produce. This action reduces the reinforcing effects of alcohol, making it less rewarding and diminishing the urge to drink more. By disrupting this link between alcohol and pleasure, Naltrexone helps to decrease cravings and overall alcohol consumption.
How Naltrexone is Used in Treatment
Naltrexone is a prescription medication available in two main forms: an oral tablet and an extended-release injectable. The oral tablet is taken once daily, at a dose of 50 milligrams. To reduce potential side effects, a healthcare provider might start with a lower dose, such as 25 milligrams, for the first few days.
The injectable form, administered monthly, provides a sustained release of the medication. Both forms are prescribed as part of a structured treatment plan and are not meant for occasional use. Treatment with Naltrexone begins after a person has stopped drinking and is no longer experiencing acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms, a few days after their last drink.
What Naltrexone Does Not Do
Naltrexone does not induce an aversion to alcohol, unlike some other medications that cause unpleasant reactions if alcohol is consumed. The medication also does not eliminate withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping alcohol.
Naltrexone is not a standalone solution or a “cure” for alcohol use disorder. It does not prevent intoxication or impairment from alcohol. Individuals taking Naltrexone can still experience the physical effects of alcohol, such as impaired coordination and judgment, even if the pleasurable effects are reduced.
The Role of Support in Naltrexone Treatment
Naltrexone is effective when integrated into a comprehensive treatment strategy for alcohol use disorder. This involves combining the medication with behavioral therapies and ongoing medical supervision. Support from counseling, such as individual or group therapy, and participation in support groups are important components of this approach.
This combined approach addresses the psychological, behavioral, and social aspects of alcohol use disorder, providing a more holistic path to recovery. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is also important to monitor progress and manage any potential side effects.