Montana is home to a variety of native snake species, most of which are harmless and beneficial to the local ecosystem. However, a common concern for outdoor enthusiasts and residents is whether they might encounter a venomous reptile. Knowing the facts about local wildlife is the best preparation for safely enjoying the mountains and plains of the Treasure State.
The Venomous Snake of Montana
Montana has one native venomous snake: the Prairie Rattlesnake, scientifically known as Crotalus viridis. This species is the only member of the pit viper family found in the state and is responsible for nearly all snakebite incidents. Like all pit vipers, it possesses a pair of heat-sensing pits between its eyes and nostrils, allowing it to detect warm-blooded prey. The venom is primarily hemotoxic and cytotoxic, meaning it works by breaking down blood cells and causing localized tissue damage. This potent mixture can lead to severe pain, swelling, and internal bleeding if medical treatment is not promptly administered.
Recognizing the Species and Its Range
The Prairie Rattlesnake can be identified by several distinct physical characteristics, starting with its segmented rattle at the end of its tail. It also possesses a triangular head that is noticeably wider than its neck, which helps distinguish it from non-venomous species. The body is stout, typically reaching 36 to 50 inches in length. Its coloration is usually light gray, tan, or pale green with dark brown or black blotches running down its back. These reptiles are most commonly found in the eastern and southern portions of Montana, favoring arid grasslands, prairies, and rocky outcrops below 6,500 feet.
Avoiding Encounters
To minimize the risk of a rattlesnake encounter, outdoor safety requires paying close attention to your surroundings. Always wear sturdy, over-the-ankle hiking boots and long pants when traversing tall grass, brush, or rocky areas where snakes might be concealed. Never place your hands or feet into areas you cannot visually inspect, such as under logs or rock piles. Making noise while hiking can also help, as rattlesnakes usually prefer to avoid confrontation and will move away if they detect an approaching human.
Emergency Steps
If a bite occurs, immediate and correct action is necessary for a positive outcome. The first step is to move away from the snake to prevent additional bites, then call 911 or emergency services immediately. Keep the person calm and still. Immobilize the affected limb at or slightly below the level of the heart to slow the spread of venom. Remove any constricting items like rings, watches, or tight clothing from the bite area before swelling begins.
It is important to know what not to do, as many old remedies are harmful. Do not attempt to:
- Cut the wound.
- Apply suction to remove the venom.
- Use a tourniquet.
- Apply an ice pack on the bite area.
These actions can increase the risk of infection or cause further tissue damage. The only effective treatment for a venomous snakebite is antivenom, which must be administered by medical professionals in a hospital setting.