Michigan is home to a significant elk population, making it one of the few states east of the Mississippi River where these large mammals roam freely. The presence of elk represents a notable conservation success story, highlighting ongoing efforts to manage and protect wildlife within the state. They are a distinctive component of Michigan’s natural heritage.
Elk’s Return to Michigan
Elk were once native to Michigan but disappeared from the state around 1875 due to unregulated hunting and habitat loss from extensive forest clear-cutting. Their reintroduction began in 1918 when seven elk from Western states were released near Wolverine, a community in the northeast Lower Peninsula. The population gradually increased, reaching an estimated 300-400 by 1939 and around 1,000 by 1958. However, numbers declined again to approximately 200 by 1975, largely due to poaching and reduced habitat quality. In response, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) developed an elk management plan in 1975, setting a population goal of 500-600 animals and increasing law enforcement efforts to curb poaching.
Current Elk Population and Range
Today, Michigan’s elk herd is primarily concentrated in the northern Lower Peninsula, particularly within the Pigeon River Country State Forest. This forest, along with surrounding areas in southern Cheboygan, Otsego, Montmorency, and Presque Isle counties, forms the core elk range. The habitat in these regions is suitable for elk, offering a mix of young forests, open meadows, and diverse vegetation. Recent estimates indicate a healthy and stable elk population. As of January 2022, the population was approximately 1,227 animals. The DNR’s population goal for the herd is maintained between 500 and 900 elk to balance ecological needs with human interactions.
Protecting Michigan’s Elk
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources employs a multi-faceted approach to elk conservation. Strategies aim to maintain a sustainable population in balance with available habitat. This includes managing forest health, with specific targets for aspen trees and wildlife openings, to ensure year-round food sources for the herd. Regulated hunting programs are a primary tool for controlling elk numbers, herd composition, and distribution. These hunts help prevent overpopulation, which could lead to increased crop damage, vehicle collisions, or disease concerns like bovine tuberculosis and chronic wasting disease. The DNR also collaborates with conservation organizations, such as the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, to protect and enhance elk habitat through land acquisition and conservation easements.
Observing Elk in Michigan
For those interested in viewing elk in Michigan, the Pigeon River Country State Forest near Gaylord is a prime location. Several designated elk viewing areas exist within this forest, often planted with rye, clover, alfalfa, and buckwheat to attract the animals. The best times for observation are during the fall breeding season in September and October, when bull elk are vocal and active. Another good period is late April through mid-May, when elk are active during daylight hours feeding on new green growth.
When observing elk, it is important to maintain a respectful distance and use binoculars or spotting scopes for a closer view. Elk are wild animals and should not be approached or fed, as this can alter their natural behavior and create unsafe situations. Patience is helpful, as wildlife viewing is not guaranteed, but exploring the designated areas at dawn or dusk increases the chances of a sighting.