Melatonin balm is a topical product, such as a cream or salve, that contains the hormone melatonin. It is marketed as a sleep aid, with the intention that the melatonin is absorbed through the skin to promote relaxation and sleep.
The Science of Topical Melatonin
The effectiveness of melatonin balm hinges on transdermal absorption, where a substance passes through the skin to enter the bloodstream. The skin is a protective barrier, so an active ingredient must have specific chemical properties to be absorbed efficiently.
Research into topical melatonin is still developing compared to studies on oral supplements. A study suggested melatonin can improve the skin barrier in children with atopic dermatitis, which indicates it interacts with skin. However, it is unknown if it can be absorbed in sufficient quantities to affect sleep cycles.
When applied, melatonin must navigate the skin’s outer layer to reach blood vessels. The concentration of melatonin and other ingredients in a commercial balm can influence how much, if any, reaches the bloodstream. Some studies use specialized gels or patches to enhance absorption for other purposes.
In contrast, oral melatonin is absorbed through the digestive system, a well-understood pathway. While oral melatonin is effective for certain sleep disorders, the scientific community has not reached a consensus on topical melatonin, and evidence supporting it as a reliable sleep aid is limited.
Potential Risks and Considerations
In the United States, melatonin is considered a dietary supplement. This means it is not subject to the rigorous Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testing required for prescription drugs, which can lead to inconsistencies in quality and dosage.
Studies on oral melatonin supplements found the actual content can vary dramatically from what is on the label, from -83% to +478%. Similar discrepancies could exist in topical formulations, so a consumer has no guarantee of the balm’s strength or purity. Some supplements also contain other substances, like serotonin.
There is also the potential for localized skin reactions. Ingredients in the balm, including carriers and fragrances, could cause irritation or an allergic reaction in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin.
The long-term effects of regular, low-dose melatonin application to the skin are not well-studied. Specific populations, such as children, pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, should be particularly cautious, as the effects on development and infant health are unknown.
Application and Intended Use
Manufacturers of melatonin balms provide specific instructions for use. The guidance is to apply a small amount to the skin about 30 minutes before bedtime, allowing for absorption and aligning with the body’s natural melatonin increase.
Commonly recommended application sites are areas where the skin is thinner and blood vessels are closer to the surface. These locations, including the soles of the feet, temples, neck, and chest, may facilitate more efficient absorption.
These are generalized instructions, and details can vary between products. The formulation, including melatonin concentration and base ingredients, can differ, so reading and adhering to the directions on the product’s packaging is recommended.