Petechiae are small, flat, reddish-purple spots that appear on the skin and do not fade when pressed. They are a sign of minor bleeding from tiny blood vessels. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. This article explores the potential connection between lymphoma and petechiae.
Understanding Petechiae
Petechiae are tiny, pinpoint, reddish-purple spots on the skin, typically less than 2 millimeters in diameter. A distinguishing feature of petechiae is that they do not blanch, meaning they do not lose their color or turn white when pressure is applied.
These spots occur when capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, break and leak small amounts of blood into the surrounding skin. They are distinct from purpura, which are larger spots (3 millimeters to 1 centimeter), and ecchymoses, commonly known as bruises, which are even larger areas of bleeding.
The Link Between Lymphoma and Petechiae
Lymphoma does not typically cause petechiae directly. Instead, petechiae in individuals with lymphoma usually result from indirect complications, primarily bone marrow involvement. This occurs when lymphoma cells spread to and infiltrate the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced.
When lymphoma cells occupy the bone marrow, they can crowd out healthy blood-producing cells, including megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are responsible for generating platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. This leads to a decrease in the number of platelets in the bloodstream.
This condition, known as thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, impairs the blood’s ability to clot effectively. Insufficient platelets can cause small blood vessels to leak, resulting in petechiae.
Certain types of lymphoma can also lead to autoimmune issues where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, contributing to thrombocytopenia. Additionally, some lymphoma treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, can suppress bone marrow activity and temporarily reduce platelet production, leading to thrombocytopenia.
Other Common Causes of Petechiae
Petechiae can arise from various conditions. Physical strain is a common cause, as intense activities can temporarily increase pressure in small blood vessels, leading to their rupture. This often occurs around the face and neck after forceful coughing, vomiting, or heavy lifting.
Certain medications, such as some blood thinners and antibiotics, can also induce petechiae as a side effect. Infections are another frequent cause, particularly viral infections like mononucleosis or bacterial infections such as strep throat or sepsis.
Other medical conditions can also result in petechiae. These include conditions that directly cause low platelet counts, such as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
When to Seek Medical Attention
While petechiae can have benign causes, seek medical evaluation if they appear suddenly or are widespread without an obvious reason. Professional medical advice is recommended if petechiae are accompanied by other concerning symptoms. These symptoms include fever, new or unexplained bruising, bleeding from the gums or nose, persistent fatigue, joint pain, or shortness of breath.
Petechiae in infants or young children always warrant prompt medical attention, especially if a fever is present, as this can signal a serious infection. If there is concern about lymphoma, or symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or ongoing fatigue are present, consult a healthcare provider.