Licorice has been used for centuries for its distinct flavor and purported medicinal qualities. The root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant is the source of this traditional remedy, often consumed for digestive complaints. Many people ask whether licorice helps with bowel movements, continuing a long history of anecdotal use for occasional constipation. This article explores the scientific basis for licorice’s effect on the gut and outlines the potential differences between licorice products.
Licorice’s Mechanism of Action in the Digestive Tract
The laxative effect attributed to licorice root is primarily connected to its main active compound, glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin. Licorice has been historically noted as a mild laxative, promoting regularity rather than acting as a powerful purgative. This action involves multiple pathways within the digestive system.
The presence of glycyrrhizin and its metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid, appears to influence intestinal function. Licorice is also cited as a demulcent, possessing a soothing quality that reduces irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. Licorice compounds may stimulate the production of mucin, a protective component that thickens the mucus barrier lining the stomach and intestines.
The mild laxative action may also be partly osmotic. Poorly absorbed compounds in the licorice root remain in the intestinal lumen, drawing water into the colon. This increases the water content of the stool, which softens it and facilitates easier passage. Licorice has also been documented to stimulate bile flow, contributing to the overall laxative effect by increasing intestinal lubrication and motility.
The Critical Difference Between Licorice Forms
Licorice Root and Extracts
The effectiveness of licorice depends entirely on the specific form consumed. Raw licorice root and its pure extracts contain the highest concentration of glycyrrhizin. This form is the most likely to provide the mild laxative effect. However, consuming the full extract also carries the highest risk of systemic side effects.
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) undergoes processing to remove most of the glycyrrhizin. DGL is marketed for gut health, used to soothe the gut lining, manage indigestion, and support ulcer healing. By removing glycyrrhizin, DGL eliminates the compound responsible for the laxative action and adverse effects. Therefore, DGL is not effective for encouraging bowel movements.
Commercial Licorice Candy
Many mass-produced commercial licorice candy varieties contain little to no actual Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, often relying on anise oil for flavor. Any digestive upset or laxative effect experienced from these products is usually due to a high intake of sugar or sugar alcohols, which can ferment in the gut. The candy form is unreliable as a digestive aid and offers minimal beneficial compounds.
Safe Consumption Guidelines and Potential Systemic Risks
Licorice root containing glycyrrhizin can pose a health risk when consumed excessively or over extended periods. The primary concern is pseudohyperaldosteronism, which mimics the effects of too much aldosterone. This occurs because glycyrrhetinic acid, the metabolite of glycyrrhizin, inhibits an enzyme that normally deactivates cortisol. The resulting buildup of cortisol stimulates mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidneys.
This stimulation causes the body to retain sodium and water, leading to a rise in blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid retention. A corresponding effect is the excessive excretion of potassium, resulting in low potassium levels (hypokalemia). Hypokalemia can manifest as muscle weakness, fatigue, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.
Chronic daily consumption of licorice extract containing more than 100 milligrams of glycyrrhizic acid is associated with these adverse effects. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, high blood pressure, or kidney disease should avoid full licorice products. Due to the potential for severe side effects, consult a healthcare provider before using licorice root for constipation or any other condition.