Arthritis is a condition causing damage to the joints, which are points in the body where two bones meet. This damage can lead to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and reduced movement. Common forms include osteoarthritis, often linked to wear and tear over time, and rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), also known as cold laser therapy, is a non-invasive treatment option that has emerged as a potential aid for managing arthritis symptoms.
Understanding Laser Therapy for Arthritis
Low-level laser therapy, also referred to as photobiomodulation (PBM) or cold laser therapy, uses low levels of light to stimulate healing. Unlike high-power surgical lasers, LLLT devices do not generate heat or cut tissue. This non-thermal characteristic is why it is termed “cold” laser therapy.
LLLT equipment typically consists of handheld devices that emit red and near-infrared light. These specific wavelengths (600-1000 nm) penetrate the skin to target underlying tissues without causing damage. During a treatment session, the practitioner places the device directly on or very close to the skin over the affected arthritic joint. The application is painless and produces no sound or vibration.
The Science Behind Laser Therapy’s Effects
Light energy from the laser device penetrates the skin and is absorbed by cells. A primary site of this absorption is the mitochondria, specifically by an enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase. This absorption triggers a series of chemical changes and cellular responses.
LLLT increases the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy currency for cellular activities. It also influences reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide within cells, contributing to a reduction in inflammation by affecting mediators like cytokines and prostaglandins. The therapy promotes tissue repair by stimulating cell growth and collagen synthesis. Additionally, LLLT may alleviate pain by influencing nerve conduction and increasing the body’s natural pain-relieving endorphins.
Evaluating Its Effectiveness for Arthritis
Clinical evidence indicates that low-level laser therapy offers benefits for individuals with arthritis. For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), studies suggest positive effects on reducing pain, improving joint flexibility, and decreasing morning stiffness. A decrease in morning stiffness duration by approximately 28 minutes has been observed. Some research also points to improvements in hand function and overall quality of life for RA patients.
For osteoarthritis (OA), LLLT has been shown to help relieve mild to moderate knee pain and enhance joint flexibility. The therapy also reduces pain and stiffness across various types of arthritis, including psoriatic arthritis. Research outcomes can show some variability due to differences in laser parameters (wavelength, dosage, power) and study designs. While some studies on RA have noted less pronounced effects or benefits that may not be long-lasting, the scientific consensus indicates its usefulness in managing symptoms like pain and stiffness associated with arthritis.
What to Expect and Consider
When considering low-level laser therapy for arthritis, understanding the typical treatment process and safety aspects is important. Treatment sessions are often scheduled two to three times per week, usually for two to eight weeks. For chronic conditions, a series of six to twelve treatments or ongoing sessions may be recommended. Each session typically lasts 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the size and number of areas being treated.
Low-level laser therapy is generally safe, with minimal reported side effects. These are usually mild and temporary, such as slight redness or discomfort at the treatment site. LLLT is generally not recommended during pregnancy or over areas with active cancer. It is also advised to avoid use over the thyroid or eyes. Consulting with a healthcare professional is important to determine if laser therapy is a suitable option for your specific condition and how it can be integrated with other arthritis management strategies.