Iceland is home to wild reindeer, which roam freely across parts of the island. These animals are not native to Iceland but were introduced centuries ago and have since adapted to the Icelandic environment, establishing a stable, wild population.
Reindeer in Iceland: Presence and Range
Wild reindeer in Iceland are found exclusively in the eastern part of the country. Their primary range encompasses the highlands and coastal areas, particularly around the Vatnajökull National Park. Key regions where they are observed include Fljótsdalshérað and the highlands near Mount Snæfell, extending to coastal areas like Vopnafjörður and Héraðsflói. They live in herds that can number up to 100 individuals, especially during winter.
During summer months, reindeer typically inhabit higher ground, often near Mount Snæfell, where they find abundant lichens, grasses, and shrubs for foraging. As winter approaches, herds descend to lower elevations and coastal plains in search of more accessible vegetation. Their thick coats provide excellent insulation against harsh winds and low temperatures, while their large, cloven hooves offer superior grip on snowy and rocky terrain.
The History of Reindeer in Iceland
Reindeer were introduced to the island from Norway in the late 18th century, with initial introduction attempts occurring between 1771 and 1787. The primary purpose was to establish a new source of meat, leather, and transport, bolstering agricultural resources after sheep population declines.
Four attempts were made to import reindeer, releasing them in various parts of Iceland, including Vestmannaeyjar, Reykjanes peninsula, Vaðlaheiði, and Vopnafjörður. However, most of these initial populations struggled due to harsh weather conditions, limited food supply, and a lack of interest in reindeer husbandry among Icelandic farmers. Only the reindeer released in East Iceland managed to survive and establish a permanent wild population, ultimately becoming the ancestors of the current wild herds.
Management and Population
The wild reindeer population is concentrated in East Iceland, with estimates fluctuating. While summer populations have been estimated at 6,000-7,000 animals, more recent figures indicate a winter stock of around 4,000, with some decline observed since 2019.
The Icelandic Environment Agency manages the reindeer population through regulated hunting. This controls numbers, prevents overgrazing of fragile vegetation, and mitigates potential conflicts with sheep farming. Approximately 1,000 to 1,300 hunting licenses are issued annually, with quotas set regionally across nine designated hunting areas. Reindeer in Iceland have no natural predators, making human hunting important for maintaining ecological balance and population health. Monitoring, including aerial counts and GPS tracking, ensures sustainable management.