Dizziness is a common sensation, often described as feeling faint, unsteady, or as if surroundings are spinning. While Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) itself does not typically cause dizziness in its initial stages, individuals living with HIV may experience this symptom due to various indirect factors, such as underlying health conditions or medication side effects.
The Link Between HIV and Dizziness
HIV primarily targets the immune system. In its early, well-managed phases, it generally does not directly cause dizziness. However, when dizziness occurs in individuals with HIV, it often signals an underlying condition, a complication of the infection, or a medication side effect. Untreated, advanced HIV can progressively weaken the body’s systems, indirectly contributing to dizziness. Therefore, dizziness often indicates a need for further medical investigation.
HIV-Related Conditions Causing Dizziness
Many health conditions linked to HIV infection can cause dizziness. Opportunistic infections, which exploit a weakened immune system, are a common cause. Examples include toxoplasmosis or cryptococcal meningitis, brain infections that lead to neurological symptoms like dizziness. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare brain infection, also impacts the nervous system and can manifest with dizziness.
Neurological complications directly related to HIV, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), can cause balance issues and dizziness. Anemia, common in people with HIV, can result in fatigue and lightheadedness. Dehydration or malnutrition, often from chronic illness or poor appetite, may also contribute to dizzy spells. Low blood pressure (hypotension), whether a general health issue or exacerbated by HIV or its treatments, can also induce dizziness, particularly when standing up quickly.
Antiretroviral Therapy and Dizziness
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for managing HIV, but some medications can cause dizziness as a side effect. This is particularly true when individuals first start a new ART regimen or switch medications. Certain drug classes, such as integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), have been linked to dizziness. Efavirenz, an NNRTI, is a classic example often associated with dizziness, though newer ART drugs generally have fewer side effects.
These medication-induced side effects often improve over the first few weeks as the body adjusts to the treatment. Individuals experiencing dizziness due to ART should not stop or change their medication without consulting their healthcare provider. Reporting side effects to a doctor allows for proper management or adjustment of the treatment plan.
When to Seek Medical Advice for Dizziness
Any new, persistent, severe, or worsening dizziness, especially for someone living with HIV, warrants prompt medical evaluation. Certain accompanying symptoms should trigger immediate medical attention. These “red flags” include severe headache, confusion, weakness, vision changes, difficulty speaking, chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting.
Dizziness is a symptom, not a diagnosis, with many underlying causes. A healthcare professional can determine the specific cause and recommend the most appropriate course of action. Seeking timely medical advice ensures proper diagnosis and effective management.