Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that progressively weakens the body’s immune system. The virus targets and destroys CD4+ T cells, which are white blood cells that play a central role in fighting off infections. Over time, this damage can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of HIV. The symptoms of HIV can vary significantly from person to person and depend on the stage of infection.
Burning Sensations: A Direct Symptom of HIV?
A burning sensation is not considered a direct or common primary symptom of acute HIV infection. While some individuals may experience various sensations, burning is more often associated with secondary conditions or complications. Early HIV symptoms, often described as a flu-like illness, appear within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body.
Underlying Causes of Burning Sensations in People with HIV
Individuals with HIV may experience burning sensations due to various reasons, often linked to the virus’s effects or associated conditions. These sensations are typically not direct symptoms of HIV itself, but rather arise from complications or treatments.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage affecting the hands and feet. This condition can manifest as numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation. It may be caused by HIV-related inflammation or older antiretroviral medications. Older “d-drugs” (NRTIs) were particularly known to contribute to neuropathy, though their use is now largely avoided. If medication is the cause, adjusting the treatment plan may help alleviate symptoms.
Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections can also lead to localized burning sensations. Shingles (herpes zoster), caused by the reactivation of the chickenpox virus, can result in a painful blistering rash that causes burning on one side of the body. Candidiasis, a fungal infection often called a yeast infection, can cause irritation, itching, and burning, particularly when it affects the vagina or mouth. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can cause painful blisters in the genital area or mouth, which may also present with burning or tingling sensations.
General Inflammation
General inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or infection. In people with HIV, chronic inflammation can occur due to the virus itself or co-existing conditions. This inflammation can lead to localized pain, heat, and swelling, potentially resulting in a burning sensation.
Other Early and Common Symptoms of HIV
Beyond burning sensations, HIV infection presents with a range of other symptoms, especially during the acute phase, often referred to as acute retroviral syndrome. This period occurs within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body, and many people experience flu-like symptoms. These can include fever, headache, muscle aches, and joint pain. A rash, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpit, or groin, are also common.
Some individuals may also experience fatigue, night sweats, diarrhea, or mouth sores during the acute phase. As the infection progresses to the chronic phase, symptoms may become less noticeable or even absent for an extended period, sometimes for 10 years or more. As the immune system gradually weakens, more persistent or severe symptoms can emerge, such as ongoing fatigue, recurring fevers, or persistent swollen lymph glands.
When to Get Tested and Seek Medical Advice
Given the varied and often non-specific nature of HIV symptoms, self-diagnosis based solely on symptoms is unreliable. If an individual has engaged in behaviors that carry a risk of HIV transmission, such as unprotected sex or sharing needles, getting tested is recommended. Early diagnosis of HIV is important because it allows for prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Modern ART can effectively manage the virus, reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, and preserve immune function, leading to better long-term health outcomes. If you are experiencing persistent, unexplained symptoms or have concerns about potential HIV exposure, consulting a healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and guidance is the best course of action.