Hawaii is home to a unique native owl species, the Pueo, a Hawaiian short-eared owl. This owl holds a distinct place in the archipelago’s ecosystem and cultural heritage. Its presence offers insight into Hawaii’s biodiversity.
The Pueo: Hawaii’s Native Owl
The Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) is the native Hawaiian subspecies of the short-eared owl. It is an endemic species, found exclusively in the Hawaiian Islands, and stands as the sole owl species truly native to this remote island chain. The Pueo is recognized by its piercing yellow eyes, mottled brown patterns across its head, wings, back, and chest. A white ring frames its face, and its feathers extend down to its talons. These owls typically measure between 13 to 17 inches in length and weigh approximately 7.3 to 16.8 ounces.
The Pueo distinguishes itself from many other owl species through its hunting habits. Unlike most owls, which are nocturnal, the Pueo is primarily diurnal, active during the day, especially in the mornings and late afternoons. This daytime activity sets it apart from its mainland relatives, adapting uniquely to the Hawaiian environment.
Habitat, Diet, and Behavior of the Pueo
Pueo inhabit diverse environments across the Hawaiian Islands, from sea level up to 8,000 feet. They are commonly found in open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands, and montane parklands. These adaptable owls also occupy wet and dry forests and can even be observed in urban fringe areas.
The Pueo’s diet primarily consists of small mammals, particularly introduced mice and rats. They also consume insects and small birds, adapting their prey choices to what is available. Pueo employ distinctive hunting methods, often seen hovering or soaring silently over open areas. Once prey is spotted, they glide over and dive directly onto it, securing their meal.
During courtship, male Pueo perform elaborate aerial displays known as “sky dancing” to attract mates. Females construct simple nests on the ground, typically scrapes lined with grasses and feathers. Nests have been observed year-round, with females incubating and brooding, and males providing food and defending the nest. Young Pueo may fledge from the nest on foot before they are fully able to fly, remaining dependent on their parents for about two months.
Conservation and Cultural Significance
The conservation status of the Pueo varies across the islands, with the species listed as endangered on O’ahu. NatureServe has identified the Pueo subspecies as imperiled. Threats impact Pueo populations, including habitat loss and degradation, particularly on more developed islands like O’ahu.
Introduced predators such as the small Indian mongoose, cats, and rats pose a danger, especially to Pueo eggs and young, as these owls nest on the ground. Vehicular collisions are another threat, often occurring when Pueo dive toward car headlights. A mysterious ailment, “sick owl syndrome,” has also affected Pueo, causing them to appear dazed and increasing their vulnerability to accidents, with possible links to pesticide toxicity or light pollution.
Beyond their ecological role, Pueo hold profound cultural significance in Hawaiian traditions. They are revered as ‘aumakua, family guardians or ancestral spirits. In Hawaiian folklore, the Pueo is seen as a protector and guide, associated with good luck and spiritual wisdom. Stories tell of Pueo intervening to save individuals or providing guidance, solidifying their respected place in local customs.